FundamentalPrinciplesofNuclearEngineering(核工程基本原理)
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出版时间:
2018-03
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其他
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16开
ISBN:
9787302490876
出版时间:
2018-03
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目录 1 Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics 1.1 Calculus 1.1.1 Differential and Derivative 1.1.2 Integral 1.1.3 Laplace Operator 1.2 Units 1.2.1 Unit Systems 1.2.2 Conversion of Units 1.2.3 Graphics of Physical Quantity Exercises 2 Thermodynamics 2.1 Thermodynamic Properties 2.2 Energy 2.2.1 Heat and Work 2.2.2 Energy and Power 2.3 System and Process 2.4 Phase Change 2.5 Property Diagrams 2.5.1 PressureTemperature (pT) Diagram 2.5.2 PressureSpecific Volume (pv) Diagram 2.5.3 PressureEnthalpy (ph) Diagram 2.5.4 EnthalpyTemperature (hT) Diagram 2.5.5 TemperatureEntropy (Ts) Diagram 2.5.6 EnthalpyEntropy (hs)Diagram or Mollier Diagram 2.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.6.1 Rankine Cycle 2.6.2 Utilization of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant 2.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 2.7.1 Entropy 2.7.2 Carnots Principle 2.8 Power Plant Components 2.8.1 Turbine Efficiency 2.8.2 Pump efficiency 2.8.3 Ideal and Real Cycle 2.9 Ideal Gas Law Exercises 3 Heat Transfer 3.1 Heat Transfer Terminology 3.2 Heat Conduction 3.2.1 Fouriers Law of Conduction. 3.2.2 Rectangular 3.2.3 Equivalent Resistance 3.2.4 Cylindrical 3.3 Convective Heat Transfer 3.3.1 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient 3.3.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 3.4 Radiant Heat Transfer 3.4.1 Thermal Radiation 3.4.2 Black Body Radiation 3.4.3 Radiation Configuration Factor 内容摘要 俞冀阳编著的《核工程基本原理(英文版)》着 力于核工程所涉及领域的基本原理,打通各个领域的壁垒,使核工程所涉及到的各个领域的基本原理融会贯通,使读者能够掌握全面的知识体系。 精彩内容 1FundamentalsofMathematicsandPhysicsInengineeringfield,somepracticalproblemscannotbeadequatelysolvedusingarithmeticandalgebraonly.Advancedmathematicaltoolssuchascalculusandintegralareneededtounderstandphysicalprocessusedinnuclearengineering.1.1CalculusArithmeticinvolvesthefixedvaluesofnumbers.Algebrainvolvesbothliteralandarithmeticnumbers,whichstillhasfixedvaluesinagivencalculationalthoughtheliteralnumbersinalgebraicproblemscanchangeduringcalculation.Heresomeexamplesaregiven.Whenaweightisdroppedandallowedtofallfreely,itsvelocitychangescontinually.Theelectriccurrentinanalternatingcurrentcircuitchangescontinually.Bothofthesequantitieshaveadifferentvalueatsuccessiveinstantsoftime.Physicalsystemsthatinvolvequantitiesthatchangecontinuallyarecalleddynamicsystems.Thesolutionofproblemswhichinvolvingdynamicsystemsoftenneeddifferentmathematicaltechniquesfromarithmeticandalgebra.Calculusinvolvesallthesamemathematicaltechniquesinvolvedinarithmeticandalgebra,suchasaddition,subtraction,multiplication,division,equations,andfunctions,butitalsoinvolvesseveralothertechniques.Thesetechniquesarenotdifficulttounderstandbecausetheycanbedevelopedusingfamiliarphysicalsystems,buttheydoinvolvenewideasandterminology.Therearemanydynamicsystemsencounteredinnuclearengineeringfield.Thedecayofradioactivematerials,thestartupofareactor,andthepowerchangeofaturbinegeneratorallinvolvequantitieschangewithtime.Ananalysisofthesedynamicsystemsinvolvescalculus.Calculusisthemosthelpfultoolstounderstandcertainofthebasicideasandterminologywhichisinvolvedinnuclearfacilityfield,thoughdetailedunderstandingofcalculusisnotrequiredfortheoperationalaspect.Theseideasandterminologyareencounteredfrequently,andabriefintroductiontothebasicideasandterminologyofthemathematicsofdynamicsystemsisdiscussedinthischapter.1.1.1DifferentialandDerivativeInmathematics,differentialisatooltodescribethelocalcharacteristicofafunctionusinglineartechniques.Supposeafunctionisdefinedinaregion.x0andx0+Δxaretwopoints(value)inthisregion.Thentheincrementalchangeofthefunctioncanbeexpressedas1:Δy=f(x0+Δx)-f(x0)(11)Usinglocallineartechnique,itcanbeexpressedas:Δy=A·Δx+o(Δx)(12)where,AisaconstantnumberindependentwithΔx,o(Δx)isahigherorderinfinitxfromx=x1tox=x2.Thiscanbevisualizedastakingtheproductoftheinstantaneousforce,F,andtheincrementalchangeinpositiondxateachpointbetweenx1andx2,andsummingalloftheseproducts.Example15:Givethephysicalinterpretationofthefollowingequationrelatingtheamountofradioactivematerialpresentingasafunctionoftheelapsedtime,t,andthedecayconstant,λ.∫N1N0dNN=-λt(115)Solution:Thephysicalmeaningofthisequationcanbestatedintermsofasummation.Thenegativeoftheproductofthedecayconstant,λ,andtheelapsedtime,t,equalstheintegralofdN/NfromN=N0toN=N1.ThisintegralcanbevisualizedastakingthequotientoftheincrementalchangeinN,dividedbythevalueofNateachpointbetweenN0andN1,andsummingallofthesequotients.1.1.3LaplaceOperatorTheLaplaceoperator2isusefulinnuclearengineeringtoexpressconservationofneutron,mass,momentumorenergy.Forndimensionalspace,theLaplaceoperatorisatwoorderdifferentialoperator.Itisthedivergenceofgradientofafunction.InrectangularplanecoordinatesystemshownasFigure14,theLaplaceoperatorhasexpressionasshowninEquation(116).2u=·(u)=2ux2+2uy2+2uz2(116)wherethegradientoperatorisdefinedas:=xi+yj+zk(117)IncylindricalcoordinatesystemshownasFigure15,thetransformofcoordinatesare:r=x2+y2,θ=arctanyx,z=z(118)Figure14RectangularPlaneCoordinateSystemFigure15CylindricalCoordinateSystemDopartialderivativeofcoordinates,weget:rx=xr=cosθ(119a)ry=yr=sinθ(119b)θx=-sinθr(119c)θy=cosθr(119d)Thus,wehave:ux=urrx+uθθx=cosθur-sinθruθ(120a)uy=urry+uθθy=sinθur+cosθruθ(120b)Finally,weget:2ux2=cosθr-sinθrθcosθur-sinθruθ=cos2θ2ur2+sin2θrur-2rsinθcosθ2urθ+sin2θr22uθ2+2sinθcosθr2uθ(121)2uy2=sinθr+cosθrθsinθur+cosθruθ=sin2θ2ur2+cos2θrur+2rsinθcosθ2urθ+cos2θr22uθ2-2sinθcosθr2uθ(122)2uz2=2uz2(123)Makeanarrangement,itbecomes:2ux2+2uy2+2uz2=2ur2+1rur+1r22uθ2+2uz2(124)Figure16SphericalCoordinateSystemThus,theLaplaceoperatorincylindricalcoordinatesystemisexpressedasEquation(125).2=1rrrr+1r22θ2+2z2(125)ForsphericalcoordinatesystemshownasFigure16,onecangettheexpressionofEquation(126).Weleaveitasahomeworkforyoutoderive.2=1r2rr2r+1r2sinθθsinθθ+1r2sinθ22(126)1.2UnitsAnumberaloneisnotsufficienttodescribeaphysicalquantity.Forexample,tosaythat“apipemustbe4longtofit”hasnomeaningunlessaunitofmeasurementforlengthisalsospecified.Byaddingunitstothenumber,itbecomesclear,“apipemustbe4meterslongtofit.”Theunitdefinesthemagnitudeofameasurement.Ifwehaveameasurementoflength,theunitusedtodescribethelengthcouldbeameterorkilometer,eachofwhichdescribesadifferentmagnitudeoflength.Theimportanceofspecifyingtheunitsofameasurementforanumberusedtodescribeaphysicalquantityisdoublyemphasizedwhenitisnotedthatthesamephysicalquantitymaybemeasuredusingavarietyofdifferentunits.Forexample,lengthmaybemeasuredinmeters,inches,miles,furlongs,fathoms,kilometers,oravarietyofotherunits.Unitsofmeasurementhavebeenestablishedforusewitheachofthefundamentaldimensionsmentionedpreviously.Thefollowingsectiondescribestheunitsystemsinusetodayandprovidesexamplesofunitsthatareusedineachsystem.1.2.1UnitSystemsTherearetwounitsystemsinnuclearengineeringfieldatthepresenttime,EnglishunitsandInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)3.Insomecountries,theEnglishsystemiscurrentlyused.Unitsystemconsistsofvariousunitsforeachofthefundamentaldimensionsormeasurements.ThebasicunitsofSIareshowninTable11.ItisalsocalledasMKSsystem.Table11theBasicUnitsoftheInternationalSystemofUnitsQuantitySymbolofQuantityNameSymbolofUnitLengthLMetermMassmKilogramkgTimetSecondsCurrentΙAmpereATemperatureTKelvinKQuantityofmassn(v)MolemolLuminousintensityI(Iv)CandelacdOtherquantitiescanbeexpressedasthebasicunits.TheyarecalledasderivedquantitiesandsomeofthemareshowninTable12.Table12SomeofDerivedQuantitiesUsedinNuclearEngineeringQuantitySymbolofQuantitySymbolofUnitRelationshipwiththeBasicUnitsEnergyEJkg·m2·s-2ForceFNkg·m·s-2PowerPWkg·m2·s-3ChargeCCA·sVoltageVVkg·m2·s-3·A-1ResistanceRΩkg·m2·s-3·A-2CapacityCFkg-1·m-2·s4·A2InductanceLHkg·m2·s-2·A-2FrequencyfHzs-1MagneticFluxFWbkg·m2·s-2·A-1MagneticFluxDensityBTkg·s-2·A-1TheMKSsystemsaremuchsimplertousethantheEnglishsystembecausetheyuseadecimalbasedsysteminwhichprefixesareusedtodenotepowersoften.Forexample,onekilometeris1000meters,andonecentimeterisoneonehundredthofameter.TheEnglishsystemhasoddunitsofconversion.Forexample,amileis5280feet,andaninchisonetwelfthofafoot.TheprefixesusedinMKSsystemarelistedinTable13.Table13PrefixesofMKSSystemSymbolPrefixPowersofTenyyocto10-24zzepto10-21aatto10-18ffemto10-15ppico10-12nnano10-9μmicro10-6mmilli10-3kkilo103Mmega106Ggiga109Ttera1012Ppeta1015Eexa1018Zzetta1021Yyotta10241.2.2ConversionofUnitsToconvertfromonemeasurementunittoanothermeasurementunit(forexample,toconvert5feettometers),onecanusetheappropriateequivalentrelationshipfromtheconversionTable144.Table14RelationshiptoConvertUnitsLength1inch=25.4mm1foot=12inches=0.3048m1yard=3feet=0.9144m1mile=1760yards=1.609km1nauticalmile=1852mArea1squareinch=6.45squarecentimeter1squarefoot=144squareinch=9.29squaredecimeter1squareyard=9squarefoot=0.836squaremeter1acre=4840squareyard=0.405hectare1squaremile=640acre=259hectareVolume1cubicinch=16.4cubiccentimeter1cubicfoot=1728cubicinch=0.0283cubicmeter1cubicyard=27cubicfoot=0.765cubicmeterMass1pound=16ounce=0.4536kgesmallofΔx.Wecallthefunctiony=f(x)isderivablenearthepointofx0andA·Δxiscalledasthedifferentialofthefunctiony=f(x)atpointx0correspondingtoΔx(theincrementalchangeofargumentx).Itisdenotedasdy.Theincrementalchangeofargumentxisthedifferentialofx.Itisdenotedasdx.Soweget:dy=Adx(13)Hereweuseanexampleinphysicstoexplaintheconceptofdifferential.Oneofthemostcommonlyencounteredmathematicalapplicationsofthedynamicsystemistherelationshipofpositionandtimeofamovingobject.Figure11representsanobjectmovinginastraightlinefrompositionP1topositionP2.ThedistancetoP1fromafixedreferencepoint,pointO,alongthelineoftravelisrepresentedbyS1;thedistancetoP2fromp
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