FundamentalPrinciplesofNuclearEngineering(核工程基本原理)

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作者: 俞冀阳
出版社: 清华大学出版社
ISBN: 9787302490876

出版时间: 2018-03
装帧: 其他
开本: 16开

作者: 俞冀阳
出版社: 清华大学出版社

ISBN: 9787302490876
出版时间: 2018-03

装帧: 其他
开本: 16开

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目录
1 Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics
  1.1 Calculus
    1.1.1 Differential and Derivative
    1.1.2 Integral
    1.1.3 Laplace Operator
  1.2 Units
    1.2.1 Unit Systems
    1.2.2 Conversion of Units
    1.2.3 Graphics of Physical Quantity
  Exercises
2 Thermodynamics
  2.1 Thermodynamic Properties
  2.2 Energy
    2.2.1 Heat and Work
    2.2.2 Energy and Power
  2.3 System and Process
  2.4 Phase Change
  2.5 Property Diagrams
    2.5.1 PressureTemperature (pT) Diagram
    2.5.2 PressureSpecific Volume (pv) Diagram
    2.5.3 PressureEnthalpy (ph) Diagram
    2.5.4 EnthalpyTemperature (hT) Diagram
    2.5.5 TemperatureEntropy (Ts) Diagram
    2.5.6 EnthalpyEntropy (hs)Diagram or Mollier Diagram
  2.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
    2.6.1 Rankine Cycle
    2.6.2 Utilization of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant
  2.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    2.7.1 Entropy
    2.7.2 Carnots Principle
  2.8 Power Plant Components
    2.8.1 Turbine Efficiency
    2.8.2 Pump efficiency
    2.8.3 Ideal and Real Cycle
  2.9 Ideal Gas Law
  Exercises
3 Heat Transfer
  3.1 Heat Transfer Terminology
  3.2 Heat Conduction
    3.2.1 Fouriers Law of Conduction.
    3.2.2 Rectangular
    3.2.3 Equivalent Resistance
    3.2.4 Cylindrical
  3.3 Convective Heat Transfer
    3.3.1 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
    3.3.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
  3.4 Radiant Heat Transfer
    3.4.1 Thermal Radiation
    3.4.2 Black Body Radiation
    3.4.3 Radiation Configuration Factor

内容摘要
俞冀阳编著的《核工程基本原理（英文版）》着
力于核工程所涉及领域的基本原理，打通各个领域的壁垒，使核工程所涉及到的各个领域的基本原理融会贯通，使读者能够掌握全面的知识体系。

精彩内容
1FundamentalsofMathematicsandPhysicsInengineeringfield,somepracticalproblemscannotbeadequatelysolvedusingarithmeticandalgebraonly.Advancedmathematicaltoolssuchascalculusandintegralareneededtounderstandphysicalprocessusedinnuclearengineering.1.1CalculusArithmeticinvolvesthefixedvaluesofnumbers.Algebrainvolvesbothliteralandarithmeticnumbers,whichstillhasfixedvaluesinagivencalculationalthoughtheliteralnumbersinalgebraicproblemscanchangeduringcalculation.Heresomeexamplesaregiven.Whenaweightisdroppedandallowedtofallfreely,itsvelocitychangescontinually.Theelectriccurrentinanalternatingcurrentcircuitchangescontinually.Bothofthesequantitieshaveadifferentvalueatsuccessiveinstantsoftime.Physicalsystemsthatinvolvequantitiesthatchangecontinuallyarecalleddynamicsystems.Thesolutionofproblemswhichinvolvingdynamicsystemsoftenneeddifferentmathematicaltechniquesfromarithmeticandalgebra.Calculusinvolvesallthesamemathematicaltechniquesinvolvedinarithmeticandalgebra,suchasaddition,subtraction,multiplication,division,equations,andfunctions,butitalsoinvolvesseveralothertechniques.Thesetechniquesarenotdifficulttounderstandbecausetheycanbedevelopedusingfamiliarphysicalsystems,buttheydoinvolvenewideasandterminology.Therearemanydynamicsystemsencounteredinnuclearengineeringfield.Thedecayofradioactivematerials,thestartupofareactor,andthepowerchangeofaturbinegeneratorallinvolvequantitieschangewithtime.Ananalysisofthesedynamicsystemsinvolvescalculus.Calculusisthemosthelpfultoolstounderstandcertainofthebasicideasandterminologywhichisinvolvedinnuclearfacilityfield,thoughdetailedunderstandingofcalculusisnotrequiredfortheoperationalaspect.Theseideasandterminologyareencounteredfrequently,andabriefintroductiontothebasicideasandterminologyofthemathematicsofdynamicsystemsisdiscussedinthischapter.1.1.1DifferentialandDerivativeInmathematics,differentialisatooltodescribethelocalcharacteristicofafunctionusinglineartechniques.Supposeafunctionisdefinedinaregion.x0andx0+Δxaretwopoints(value)inthisregion.Thentheincrementalchangeofthefunctioncanbeexpressedas1:Δy=f(x0+Δx)－f(x0)(11)Usinglocallineartechnique,itcanbeexpressedas:Δy=A·Δx+o(Δx)(12)where,AisaconstantnumberindependentwithΔx,o(Δx)isahigherorderinfinitxfromx=x1tox=x2.Thiscanbevisualizedastakingtheproductoftheinstantaneousforce,F,andtheincrementalchangeinpositiondxateachpointbetweenx1andx2,andsummingalloftheseproducts.Example15:Givethephysicalinterpretationofthefollowingequationrelatingtheamountofradioactivematerialpresentingasafunctionoftheelapsedtime,t,andthedecayconstant,λ.∫N1N0dNN=-λt(115)Solution:Thephysicalmeaningofthisequationcanbestatedintermsofasummation.Thenegativeoftheproductofthedecayconstant,λ,andtheelapsedtime,t,equalstheintegralofdN/NfromN=N0toN=N1.ThisintegralcanbevisualizedastakingthequotientoftheincrementalchangeinN,dividedbythevalueofNateachpointbetweenN0andN1,andsummingallofthesequotients.1.1.3LaplaceOperatorTheLaplaceoperator2isusefulinnuclearengineeringtoexpressconservationofneutron,mass,momentumorenergy.Forndimensionalspace,theLaplaceoperatorisatwoorderdifferentialoperator.Itisthedivergenceofgradientofafunction.InrectangularplanecoordinatesystemshownasFigure14,theLaplaceoperatorhasexpressionasshowninEquation(116).2u=·(u)=2ux2+2uy2+2uz2(116)wherethegradientoperatorisdefinedas:=xi+yj+zk(117)IncylindricalcoordinatesystemshownasFigure15,thetransformofcoordinatesare:r=x2+y2,θ=arctanyx,z=z(118)Figure14RectangularPlaneCoordinateSystemFigure15CylindricalCoordinateSystemDopartialderivativeofcoordinates,weget:rx=xr=cosθ(119a)ry=yr=sinθ(119b)θx=－sinθr(119c)θy=cosθr(119d)Thus,wehave:ux=urrx+uθθx=cosθur－sinθruθ(120a)uy=urry+uθθy=sinθur+cosθruθ(120b)Finally,weget:2ux2=cosθr－sinθrθcosθur－sinθruθ=cos2θ2ur2+sin2θrur－2rsinθcosθ2urθ+sin2θr22uθ2+2sinθcosθr2uθ(121)2uy2=sinθr+cosθrθsinθur+cosθruθ=sin2θ2ur2+cos2θrur+2rsinθcosθ2urθ+cos2θr22uθ2－2sinθcosθr2uθ(122)2uz2=2uz2(123)Makeanarrangement,itbecomes:2ux2+2uy2+2uz2=2ur2+1rur+1r22uθ2+2uz2(124)Figure16SphericalCoordinateSystemThus,theLaplaceoperatorincylindricalcoordinatesystemisexpressedasEquation(125).2=1rrrr+1r22θ2+2z2(125)ForsphericalcoordinatesystemshownasFigure16,onecangettheexpressionofEquation(126).Weleaveitasahomeworkforyoutoderive.2=1r2rr2r+1r2sinθθsinθθ+1r2sinθ22(126)1.2UnitsAnumberaloneisnotsufficienttodescribeaphysicalquantity.Forexample,tosaythat“apipemustbe4longtofit”hasnomeaningunlessaunitofmeasurementforlengthisalsospecified.Byaddingunitstothenumber,itbecomesclear,“apipemustbe4meterslongtofit.”Theunitdefinesthemagnitudeofameasurement.Ifwehaveameasurementoflength,theunitusedtodescribethelengthcouldbeameterorkilometer,eachofwhichdescribesadifferentmagnitudeoflength.Theimportanceofspecifyingtheunitsofameasurementforanumberusedtodescribeaphysicalquantityisdoublyemphasizedwhenitisnotedthatthesamephysicalquantitymaybemeasuredusingavarietyofdifferentunits.Forexample,lengthmaybemeasuredinmeters,inches,miles,furlongs,fathoms,kilometers,oravarietyofotherunits.Unitsofmeasurementhavebeenestablishedforusewitheachofthefundamentaldimensionsmentionedpreviously.Thefollowingsectiondescribestheunitsystemsinusetodayandprovidesexamplesofunitsthatareusedineachsystem.1.2.1UnitSystemsTherearetwounitsystemsinnuclearengineeringfieldatthepresenttime,EnglishunitsandInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)3.Insomecountries,theEnglishsystemiscurrentlyused.Unitsystemconsistsofvariousunitsforeachofthefundamentaldimensionsormeasurements.ThebasicunitsofSIareshowninTable11.ItisalsocalledasMKSsystem.Table11theBasicUnitsoftheInternationalSystemofUnitsQuantitySymbolofQuantityNameSymbolofUnitLengthLMetermMassmKilogramkgTimetSecondsCurrentΙAmpereATemperatureTKelvinKQuantityofmassn(v)MolemolLuminousintensityI(Iv)CandelacdOtherquantitiescanbeexpressedasthebasicunits.TheyarecalledasderivedquantitiesandsomeofthemareshowninTable12.Table12SomeofDerivedQuantitiesUsedinNuclearEngineeringQuantitySymbolofQuantitySymbolofUnitRelationshipwiththeBasicUnitsEnergyEJkg·m2·s-2ForceFNkg·m·s-2PowerPWkg·m2·s-3ChargeCCA·sVoltageVVkg·m2·s-3·A-1ResistanceRΩkg·m2·s-3·A-2CapacityCFkg-1·m-2·s4·A2InductanceLHkg·m2·s-2·A-2FrequencyfHzs-1MagneticFluxFWbkg·m2·s-2·A-1MagneticFluxDensityBTkg·s-2·A-1TheMKSsystemsaremuchsimplertousethantheEnglishsystembecausetheyuseadecimalbasedsysteminwhichprefixesareusedtodenotepowersoften.Forexample,onekilometeris1000meters,andonecentimeterisoneonehundredthofameter.TheEnglishsystemhasoddunitsofconversion.Forexample,amileis5280feet,andaninchisonetwelfthofafoot.TheprefixesusedinMKSsystemarelistedinTable13.Table13PrefixesofMKSSystemSymbolPrefixPowersofTenyyocto10-24zzepto10-21aatto10-18ffemto10-15ppico10-12nnano10-9μmicro10-6mmilli10-3kkilo103Mmega106Ggiga109Ttera1012Ppeta1015Eexa1018Zzetta1021Yyotta10241.2.2ConversionofUnitsToconvertfromonemeasurementunittoanothermeasurementunit(forexample,toconvert5feettometers),onecanusetheappropriateequivalentrelationshipfromtheconversionTable144.Table14RelationshiptoConvertUnitsLength1inch=25.4mm1foot=12inches=0.3048m1yard=3feet=0.9144m1mile=1760yards=1.609km1nauticalmile=1852mArea1squareinch=6.45squarecentimeter1squarefoot=144squareinch=9.29squaredecimeter1squareyard=9squarefoot=0.836squaremeter1acre=4840squareyard=0.405hectare1squaremile=640acre=259hectareVolume1cubicinch=16.4cubiccentimeter1cubicfoot=1728cubicinch=0.0283cubicmeter1cubicyard=27cubicfoot=0.765cubicmeterMass1pound=16ounce=0.4536kgesmallofΔx.Wecallthefunctiony=f(x)isderivablenearthepointofx0andA·Δxiscalledasthedifferentialofthefunctiony=f(x)atpointx0correspondingtoΔx(theincrementalchangeofargumentx).Itisdenotedasdy.Theincrementalchangeofargumentxisthedifferentialofx.Itisdenotedasdx.Soweget:dy=Adx(13)Hereweuseanexampleinphysicstoexplaintheconceptofdifferential.Oneofthemostcommonlyencounteredmathematicalapplicationsofthedynamicsystemistherelationshipofpositionandtimeofamovingobject.Figure11representsanobjectmovinginastraightlinefrompositionP1topositionP2.ThedistancetoP1fromafixedreferencepoint,pointO,alongthelineoftravelisrepresentedbyS1;thedistancetoP2fromp
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FundamentalPrinciplesofNuclearEngineering(核工程基本原理)

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