目录 Introduction 12 Minerals, Ores and Gemstones 12.1 Definitions 12.2 Mineralogical, Physical and Chemical Properties 12.2.1 Mineral Names 12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition 12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties 12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form 12.2.5 Color 12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light 12.2.7 Luster 12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting 12.2.9 Fracture 12.2.10 Streak 12.2.11 Tenacity 12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity 12.2.13 Mohs Hardness 12.2.14 Optical Properties 12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism 12.2.16 Luminescence 12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity 12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy 12.2.19 Radioactivity 12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties 12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity 12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays 12.2.22.1 The Flame Test 12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test 12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal 12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide 12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test 12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test 12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests 12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy 12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media 12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy 12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals 12.4 Dana's Classification of Minerals 12.5 Gemstones 12.5.1 Diamond 12.5.1.1 Introduction 12.5.1.2 Diamond Types 12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties 12.5.1.4 Diamond: Origins and Occurrence 12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications 12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices 12.5.1.7 Treatments 12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation 12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties 12.5.2.1 Emerald 12.5.2.2 Aquamarine 12.5.2.3 Morganite 12.5.2.4 Heliodor 12.5.2.5 Goshenite 12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties 12.5.3.1 Ruby 12.5.3.2 Sapphire 12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones 12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts 12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions 12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis 12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals 12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table 12.8 Mineral Synonyms 12.9 Further Reading 12.9.1 Crystallography 12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy 12.9.3 Mineralogy 12.9.4 Industrial Minerals 12.9.5 Ores 12.9.6 Gemstones 12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing 13 Rocks and Meteorites 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior 13.3 Different Type of Rocks 13.4 Igneous Rocks 13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks 13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions 13.4.1.2 Mineralogy 13.4.1.3 Coloration 13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks 13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks 13.4.4 General C]assification of Igneous Rocks 13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks 13.5 Sedimentary Rocks 13.5.1 Sediments 13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks 13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks 13.5.6 Chemical Composition 13.6 Metamorphic Rocks 13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade 13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies 13.7 Ice 13.8 Meteorites 13.8.1 Definitions 13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites 13.8.3 Tektites, Impactites, and Fulgurites 13.9 Properties of Common Rocks 13.10 Further Reading Index
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