目录 Translator's Introduction Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition INTRODUCTION CHAPTER Ⅰ. A brief survey of the history of linguistics CHAPTER Ⅱ. Data and aims of linguistics： connexions with related sciences CHAPTER Ⅲ. The object of study 1.On defining a language 2.Linguistic structure: its place among the facts of language 3.Languages and their place in human affairs. Semiology CHAPTER Ⅳ. Linguistics of language structure and linguistics of speech CHAPTER Ⅴ. Internal and external elements of a language CHAPTER Ⅵ. Representation of a language by writing 1.Why it is necessary to study this topic 2.The prestige of writing: reasons for its ascendancy over the spoken word 3.Systems of writing 4.Causes of inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation 5.Consequences of this inconsistency CHAPTER Ⅶ. Physiological phonetics 1.Definition of the subject 2.Transcription 3.Writing as evidence APPENDIX PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PHONETICS CHAPTER Ⅰ. Sound types 1.On defining speech sounds 2.The vocal apparatus and how it works 3.Classification of sounds by oral articulation CHAPTER Ⅱ. Sounds in spoken sequences 1.Necessity of studying sounds in spoken sequences 2.Adduction and abduction 3.Combinations of adduction and abduction in the spoken sequence 4.Syllabic boundaries and vocalic peaks 5.Criticism of theories of syllabification 6.Duration of adduction and abduction 7.Sounds of aperture 4. Diphthongs. Questions of spelling Editorial note PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES CHAPTER Ⅰ. Nature of the linguistic sign 1.Sign, signification, signal 2.First principle: the sign is arbitrary 3.Second principle: linear character of the signal CHAPTER Ⅱ. Invariability and variability of the sign. 1.Invariability 2.Variability CHAPTER Ⅲ. Static linguistics and evolutionary linguistics. 1.Internal duality of all sciences concerned with values 2.Internal duality and the history of linguistics 3.Examples of internal duality 4.Difference between the two orders illustrated by comparisons 5.Synchronic and diachronic linguistics: their methods and principles contrasted 6.Synchronic laws and diachronic laws 7.Is there a panchronic point of view? 8.Consequences of the confusion of synchrony with diachrony 9.Conclusions PART TWO SYNCHRONIC LINGUISTICS CHAPTER Ⅰ. General observations CHAPTER Ⅱ. Concrete entities of a language. 1.Entities and units. Definitions 2.Method of delimitation 3.Practical difficulties of delimitation 4.Conclusion CHAPTER Ⅲ. Identities, realities, values. CHAPTER Ⅳ. Linguistic value. 1.The language as thought organised in sound 2.Linguistic value: conceptual aspects 3.Linguistic value: material aspects 4.The sign as a whole CHAPTER Ⅴ. Syntagmatic relations and associative relations. 1.Definitions 2.Syntagmatic relations 3.Associative relations CHAPTER Ⅵ. The language mechanism. 1.Syntagmatic interdependences 2.Simultaneous functioning of both types of group 3.Absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness CHAPTER Ⅶ. Grammar and its subdivisions. 1.Definitions. Traditional divisions 2.Rational divisions CHAPTER VⅢ. Abstract entities in grammar PART THREE DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS CHAPTER Ⅰ. General observations CHAPTER Ⅱ. Sound changes. 1.Their absolute regularity 2.Conditioning of sound changes 3.Methodological considerations 4.Causes of sound change 5.The scope of sound change is unpredictable CHAPTER Ⅲ. Grammatical consequences of phonetic evolution. 1.Breaking grammatical links 2.Obliteration of word-composition 3.There are no phonetic doublets 4.Alternation 5.Laws of alternation 6.Al
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