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[美] 弗罗姆金 著 / 北京大学出版社 / 2007-06 / 平装
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语言引论:An Introduction to Language (Eighth Edition)
每一章的全面更新:新增了沃尔夫假说,神经语言学的最新成果,双语及双语教学的最新资料,句法处理的新方法,可以反映现代思维方式的语义语用学的新篇章,修订后的社会语言学一章侧重于最新的发现,另外还有一部分详细介绍了句法变化的问题。对语言学各组成部分(语音、音系、词法、句法、语义以及语用学)的最新、流行的导论性介绍。对美国符号语言学及通过文本体现的其他符号语言的介绍,使读者认识到这些符号语言也具备那些可以通过口头表达的语言的共同特点,也是真正的语言形式。每一章的结尾部分都会对重点部分做一总结,并会列出相应的参考书目、进一步研究所需的阅读材料以及相关练习。书中使用的国际音标的用法。大量简洁的术语注释,详细的索引,都使文章易读易懂。
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ContentsPrefaceAbouttheAuthorsPARTITheNatureofHumanLanguageCHAPTERWhatIsLanguage?LinguisticKnowledgeKnowledgeoftheSoundSystemKnowledgeofWordsArbitraryRelationofFormandMeaningTheCreativityofLinguisticKnowledgeKnowledgeofSentencesandNonsentencesLinguisticKnowledgeandPerformanceWhatIsGrammar?DescriptiveGrammarsPrescriptiveGrammarsTeachingGrammarsLanguageUniversalsTheDevelopmentofGrammarSignLanguages:EvidencefortheInnatenessofLanguageAmericanSignLanguageAnimal"Languages""Talking"ParrotsTheBirdsandtheBeesLanguageandThoughtWhatWeKnowaboutLanguageSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER2BrainandLanguageTheHumanBrainTheLocalizationofLanguageintheBrainAphasiaBrainImagingTechnologyBrainPlasticityandLateralizationinEarlyLifeSplitBrainsOtherExperimentalEvidenceofBrainOrganizationTheAutonomyofLanguageOtherDissociationsofLanguageandCognitionLauraChristopherGeneticBasisofLanguageLanguageandBrainDevelopmentTheCriticalPeriodACriticalPeriodforBirdSongTheEvolutionofLanguageIntheBeginning:TheOriginofLanguageGodsGifttoMankind?TheFirstLanguageHumanInventionortheCriesofNature?TheDevelopmentofLanguageintheSpeciesSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesPART2GrammaticalAspectsofLanguageCHAPTER3Morphology:TheWordsofLanguageDictionariesContentWordsandFunctionWordsMorphemes:TheMinimalUnitsofMeaningBoundandFreeMorphemesPrefixesandSuffixesInfixesCircumfixesRootsandStemsHucklesandCeivesRulesofWordFormationDerivationalMorphologyTheHierarchicalStructureofWordsMoreaboutDerivationalMorphemesLexicalGapsRuleProductivity"PulletSurprises"SignLanguageMorphologyWordCoinageWordsfromNamesBack-FormationsCompoundsMeaningofCompoundsUniversalityofCompoundingBlendsReducedWordsInflectionalMorphemesExceptionsandSuppletionsMorphologyandSyntaxMorphologicalAnalysis:IdentifyingMorphemesSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER4Syntax:TheSentencePatternsofLanguageWhattheSyntaxRulesDoWhatGrammaticalityIsNotBasedOnSentenceStructureConstituentsandConstituencyTestsSyntacticCategoriesPhraseStructureTreesandRulesSomeConventionsforBuildingPhraseStructureTreesTheInfinityofLanguageHeadsandComplementsSelectionWhatHeadstheSentenceStructuralAmbiguitiesMoreStructuresSentenceRelatednessTransformationalRulesStructure-DependentRulesSyntacticDependenciesWhQuestionsUGPrinciplesandParametersSignLanguageSyntaxSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER5TheMeaningofLanguageWhatSpeakersKnowaboutSentenceMeaningTruthEntailmentandRelatedNotionsAmbiguityCompositionalSemanticsSemanticRulesSemanticRuleISemanticRuleIIhenCompositionalityGoesAwryAnomalyMetaphorIdiomsLexicalSemantics(WordMeanings)TheoriesofWordMeaningReferenceSenseLexicalRelationsSemanticFeaturesEvidenceforSemanticFeaturesSemanticFeaturesandGrammarArgumentStructureThematicRolesPragmaticsPronounsPronounsandSyntaxPronounsandDiscourseDeixisMoreonSituationalContextMaximsofConversationImplicaturesSpeechActsSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER6Phonetics:TheSoundsofLanguageSoundSegmentsIdentityofSpeechSoundsThePhoneticAlphabetArticulatoryPhoneticsConsonantsPlacesofArticulationMannerofArticulationPhoneticSymbolsforAmericanEnglishConsonantsVowelsLipRoundingDiphthongsNasalizationofVowelsTenseandLaxVowelsDifferent(Tongue)StrokesforDifferentFolksMajorPhoneticClassesNoncontinuantsandContinuantsObstruentsandSonorantsConsonantalSyllabicSoundsProsodicFeaturesToneandIntonationPhoneticSymbolsandSpellingCorrespondencesThe"Phonetics"ofSignedLanguagesSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER7Phonology:TheSoundPatternsofLanguageThePronunciationofMorphemesThePronunciationofPluralsAdditionalExamplesofAllomorphsPhonemes:ThePhonologicalUnitsofLanguageVowelNasalizationinEnglishasanIllustrationofAllophonesAllophonesof/t/MinimalPairsinASLComplementaryDistributionDistinctiveFeaturesofPhonemesFeatureValuesNondistinctiveFeaturesPhonemicPatternsMayVaryAcrossLanguagesNaturalClassesofSpeechSoundsFeatureSpecificationsforAmericanEnglishConsonantsandVowelsTheRulesofPhonologyAssimilationRulesDissimilationRulesFeature-ChangingRulesSegmentInsertionandDeletionRulesMovement(Metathesis)RulesFromOnetoManyandfromManytoOneTheFunctionofPhonologicalRulesSlipsoftheTongue:EvidenceforPhonologicalRulesProsodicPhonologySyllableStructureWordStressSentenceandPhraseStressIntonationSequentialConstraintsofPhonemesLexicalGapsWhyDoPhonologicalRulesExist?PhonologicalAnalysis:DiscoveringPhonemesSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesPART3ThePsychologyofLanguageCHAPTER8LanguageAcquisitionMechanismsofLanguageAcquisitionDoChildrenLearnthroughImitation?DoChildrenLearnthroughReinforcement?DoChildrenLearnLanguagethroughAnalogy?DoChildrenLearnthroughStructuredInput?ChildrenConstructGrammarsTheInnatenessHypothesisStagesinLanguageAcquisitionThePerceptionandProductionofSpeechSoundsFirstWordsTheDevelopmentofGrammarTheAcquisitionofPhonologyTheAcquisitionofWordMeaningTheAcquisitionofMorphologyTheAcquisitionofSyntaxTheAcquisitionofPragmaticsTheDevelopmentofAuxiliaries:ACaseStudySettingParametersTheAcquisitionofSignedLanguagesKnowingMoreThanOneLanguageChildhoodBilingualismTheoriesofBilingualDevelopmentTwoMonolingualinOneHeadTheRoleofInputCognitiveEffectsofBilingualismSecondLanguageAcquisitionIsL2AcquisitiontheSameasLIAcquisition?NativeLanguageInfluenceinL2AcquisitionTheCreativeComponentofL2AcquisitionIsThereaCriticalPeriodforL2Acquisition?Second-LanguageTeachingMethodsCanChimpsLearnHumanLanguage?SummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER9LanguageProcessing:HumansandComputersTheHumanMindatWork:HumanLanguageProcessingComprehensionTheSpeechSignalSpeechPerceptionandComprehensionBottom-upandTop-downModelsLexicalAccessandWordRecognitionSyntacticProcessingSpeechProductionPlanningUnitsLexicalSelectionApplicationandMisapplicationofRules377NonlinguisticInfluencesComputerProcessingofHumanLanguageFrequencyAnalysis,Concordances,andCollocationsInformationRetrievalandSummarizationSpellCheckersMachineTranslationComputersThatTalkandListenComputationalPhoneticsandPhonologyComputationalMorphologyComputationalSyntaxComputationalSemanticsComputationalPragmaticsComputerModelsofGrammarSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesPART4LanguageandSocietyCHAPTER10LanguageinSocietyDialectsRegionalDialectsAccentsDialectsofEnglishSocialDialectsThe"Standard"AfricanAmericanEnglishLatino(Hispanic)EnglishGenderlectsSotiolinguisticAnalysisLanguagesinContactLinguaFrancasPidginsCreolesLanguageinUseStylesSlangJargonandArgotTabooorNotTaboo?EuphemismsRacialandNationalEpithetsLanguageandSexismMarkedandUnmarkedFormsTheGeneric"He"SecretLanguagesandLanguageGamesSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER11LanguageChange:TheSyllablesofTimeTheRegularityofSoundChangeSoundCorrespondencesAncestralProtolanguagesPhonologicalChangePhonologicalRulesTheGreatVowelShiftMorphologicalChangeSyntacticChangeLexicalChangeAdditionofNewWordsBorrowingsorLoanWordsHistorythroughLoanWordsLossofWordsSemanticChangeBroadeningNarrowingMeaningShiftsReconstructing"Dead"LanguagesTheNineteenth-CenturyComparativistsCognatesComparativeReconstructionHistoricalEvidenceExtinctandEndangeredLanguagesTheGeneticClassificationofLanguagesLanguagesoftheWorldTypesofLanguagesWhyDoLanguagesChange?SummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesCHAPTER12Writing:TheABCsofLanguageTheHistoryofWritingPictogramsandIdeogramsCuneiformWritingTheRebusPrincipleFromHieroglyphicstotheAlphabetModernWritingSystemsWordWritingSyllabicWritingConsonantalAlphabetWritingAlphabeticWritingReading,Writing,andSpeechReadingSpellingSpellingPronunciationsSummaryReferencesforFurtherReadingExercisesGLOSSARYINDEX567
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