计算机英语（第4版）

直接阅读外文技术资料和文献是每位计算机技术人员和研究人员必须具备的一种能力。《计算机英语（第4版）》旨在使学生及专业人员能够熟悉并掌握计算机方面的基本专业英文词汇，了解科技英语的基本认知规律，并提高在计算机专业英文文献方面的阅读能力。 《计算机英语（第4版）》共分为21章，汇集了计算机技术各方面的内容，包括计算机硬件、软件、网络与通信、计算机应用技术及人工智能、大数据、云计算等。《计算机英语（第4版）》内容和专业词汇的涵盖面广，选择的文章具有代表性和新颖性，其中的阅读材料对近10年来产生的一些新技术进行了详细介绍，从而使教师在选择教学内容方面有较大的灵活性。 《计算机英语（第4版）》适合于计算机科学与技术专业、软件工程专业、信息管理与信息系统专业、电子商务专业，以及其他相关专业的本科生、研究生作为计算机专业英语课程的教材，对从事与计算机相关工作的专业技术人员提高计算机专业外文文献的阅读能力也有一定的帮助。

Chapter 1  Computer System 

Overview  1

1.1  Digital Computer  1

1.2  Data Types  2

1.3  The Evolution of Computers  3

1.4  Types of Computers  4

Technical Notes to the Text  5

Word Bank to the Text  7

Exercises  10

Chapter 2  Computer System Organization  13

2.1  Computer Organization Introduction  13

2.2  System Buses  14

2.2.1  Address Bus  14

2.2.2  Data Bus  14

2.2.3  Control Bus  14

2.3  CPU Organization  15

2.3.1  Register Set  15

2.3.2  Arithmetic Logic Unit  15

2.3.3  Control Unit  15

2.4  Memory Subsystem

Organization  16

2.4.1  Types of Memory  16

2.4.2  Memory Hierarchy  18

2.5  I/O Subsystem Organization  19

2.5.1  I/O Devices  19

2.5.2  I/O Interface  20

2.5.3  Modes of Transfer  21

Technical Notes to the Text  23

Word Bank to the Text  25

Exercises  28

Chapter 3  Computer System Architecture  32

3.1  Parallel Processing  32

3.2  Pipelining  33

3.3  Vector Processing  35

3.4  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)  36

Technical Notes to the Text  38

Word Bank to the Text  39

Exercises  41

Chapter 4  Algorithms and Data Structure  44

4.1  Algorithms  44

4.2  Data Structure  49

Technical Notes to the Text  55

Word Bank to the Text  56

Exercises  59

Chapter 5  Programming and Languages  63

5.1  The Procedure of Programming  63

5.2  The Development of Programming Languages  64

5.3  Compiling and Assembling Programs  66

5.4  Object-Oriented Programming(OOP)  67

5.5  Visual Programming  72

5.6  Internet Programming  73

Technical Notes to the Text  74

Word Bank to the Text  76

Exercises  79

Chapter 6  Operating System  82

6.1  Operating System Overview  82

6.2  Operating System Platform  88

Technical Notes to the Text  91

Word Bank to the Text  92

Exercises  95

Chapter 7  Applications Software  98

7.1  Applications Software Tools  98

7.2  Common Features of Applications Software  99

7.3  Productivity Software Tools  100

7.3.1  Word Processing Software  101

7.3.2  Spreadsheet Software  102

7.3.3  Presentation Graphics  103

7.3.4  Groupware  103

7.3.5  Desktop Accessories  104

7.3.6  Web Browsers  105

Technical Notes to the Text  105

Word Bank to the Text  106

Exercises  109

Chapter 8  An Introduction to 

Database Systems  112

8.1  Purpose of Database Systems  112

8.2  View of Data  114

8.2.1  Levels of Data Abstraction  114

8.2.2  Instances and Schemas  115

8.2.3  Data Independence  116

8.3  Data Models  116

8.3.1  Object-Based Logical Models  117

8.3.2  Record-Based Logical Models  118

8.3.3  Physical Data Models  120

8.4  Database Languages  120

8.4.1  Data Definition Language(DDL)  120

8.4.2  Data Manipulation Language(DML)  121

8.4.3  The Structured Query Language (SQL)  121

8.5  Transaction Management  122

8.6  Database Administrator  123

Technical Notes to the Text  124

Word Bank to the Text  126

Exercises  128

Chapter 9  Software Engineering  132

9.1  What Is Software Engineering?  132

9.2  Key Issues of Software Engineering  132

9.3  Software Process  136

9.4  Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)  141

Technical Notes to the Text  142

Word Bank to the Text  144

Exercises  147

Chapter 10  Object-Oriented Technology  150

10.1  A Brief Overview of Object Technology  150

10.2  What Is OO—— System Concepts for Object Modeling  150

10.3  The OO Development Process  156

10.4  Unified Modeling Language(UML)  160

Technical Notes to the Text  162

Word Bank to the Text  164

Exercises  167

Chapter 11  Introduction to Computer Networks  170

11.1  Data Communications  170

11.1.1  Signals  170

11.1.2  Encoding  171

11.1.3  Transmission Mode  172

11.2  Introduction to Computer Networks  172

11.3  Applications of Computer Networks  173

11.4  Categories of Networks  174

11.4.1  Configurations  174

11.4.2  Strategies  175

11.4.3  LANs, MANs, and WANs  177

11.4.4  Intranets and Extranets  178

11.5  OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model  179

11.5.1  OSI Reference Model  179

11.5.2  TCP/IP Reference Model  181

Technical Notes to the Text  182

Word Bank to the Text  183

Exercises  186

Chapter 12  LAN, MAN & WAN  190

12.1  Local Area Networks (LANs)  190

12.1.1  Ethernet (802.3)  190

12.1.2  Token Bus (802.4)  192

12.1.3  Token Ring (802.5)  192

12.1.4  Fiber Distributed Data 

Interface (FDDI)  194

12.1.5  Comparison  195

12.2  Metropolitan Area Networks(IEEE 802.6)  196

12.3  Wide Area Networks  196

12.3.1  Introduction  196

12.3.2  Narrowband ISDN  197

12.3.3  X.25 Network  198

12.3.4  Frame Relay  198

12.3.5  Broadband ISDN and ATM  199

Technical Notes to the Text  199

Word Bank to the Text  200

Exercises  203

Chapter 13  Internet  206

13.1  Introduction  206

13.2  Technology of Internet  207

13.2.1  Internet Address  207

13.2.2  DNS ( Domain Name System)  208

13.2.3  HTTP and SMTP  210

13.3  Services Provided by the  Internet  211

13.3.1  WWW (World Wide Web)  211

13.3.2  E-mail  211

13.3.3  FTP (File Transfer Protocol)  212

13.3.4  Telnet  213

13.4  Networking Devices  213

13.4.1  Hub and Repeater  213

13.4.2  Bridge and Switch  213

13.4.3  Router  214

13.5  Access to Internet  215

13.5.1  Dial-up  215

13.5.2  DSL  215

Technical Notes to the Text  216

Word Bank to the Text  216

Exercises  219

Chapter 14  Information Security  222

14.1  A Brief Overview of Information Security Concepts  222

14.2  Information Security Technology  225

14.2.1  Information Authentication Technology  225

14.2.2  Encryption Technology  226

14.2.3  Database Security  229

14.3  Computer Virus  230

14.3.1  Virus Behavior  230

14.3.2  Types of Viruses  230

14.3.3  Virus Prevention and Detection  231

14.4  Firewall  232

14.4.1  Concept of Firewall  232

14.4.2  Types of Firewall  233

14.4.3  Firewall Implementation  233

14.5  Standards of Information Security  235

14.6  E-Commerce Security  236

14.6.1  Significance of Corporate Information Security  236

14.6.2  Current Processes and Tools for Implementing E-Business Security  236

Technical Notes to the Text  237

Word Bank to the Text  238

Exercises  241

Chapter 15  Information System  245

15.1  Major Types of Information

System in Organization  245

15.2  Transaction Processing System (TPS)  246

15.3  Management Information System (MIS)  247

15.3.1  A Definition of MIS  247

15.3.2  A MIS Model  248

15.3.3  Organizational Information System  248

15.4  Decision Support System (DSS)  249

15.4.1  The Concept of DSS  249

15.4.2  DSS Objectives  251

15.4.3  A DSS Model  251

Technical Notes to the Text  252

Word Bank to the Text  254

Exercises  256

Chapter 16  Enterprise Resource Planning  259

16.1  Enterprise System  259

16.2  Enterprise Resource Planning System  260

16.3  The Evolution of Enterprise Resource Planning  262

Technical Notes to the Text  266

Word Bank to the Text  267

Exercises  268

Chapter 17  Supply Chain Management  272

17.1  What Is a Supply Chain  272

17.2  The Objectives of a Supply Chain  273

17.3  Decision Phases in a Supply Chain  274

17.4  The Importance of Supply Chain Flows  276

Technical Notes to the Text  277

Word Bank to the Text  278

Exercises  279

Chapter 18  Customer Relationship Management  283

18.1  Customer Relationship Management Concepts  283

18.2  Four Types of Customers  284

18.2.1  Win Back or Save  284

18.2.2  Prospecting  284

18.2.3  Loyalty  285

18.2.4  Cross-Sell/Up-Sell  285

18.3  Customer Relationship Management (CRM)Software  286

18.3.1  Sales Force Automation(SFA)  286

18.3.2  Customer Service  286

18.3.3  Marketing  287

18.4  Operational and Analytical CRM  287

Technical Notes to the Text  288

Word Bank to the Text  289

Exercises  291

Chapter 19  E-Business and E-Commerce  295

19.1  E-Business  295

19.2  E-Commerce  299

Technical Notes to the Text  300

Word Bank to the Text  301

Exercises  303

Chapter 20  Artificial Intelligence  307

20.1  History of AI  307

20.2  Basics of AI  308

20.3  Applications of Artificial 

Intelligence in Machine Learning  309

Technical Notes to the Text  312

Word Bank to the Text  314

Exercises  316

Chapter 21  Big Data and Cloud Computing  320

21.1  Background  320

21.2  Big Data  321

21.3  Cloud Computing  324

Technical Notes to the Text  326

Word Bank to the Text  327

Exercises  329