1INTRODUCTION1
I.IDEFINITIONOFADISTRIBUTEDSYSTEM2
1.2GOALS3
]ZIMaingResourcesAccessible3
].22DistributionTransparency4
12.3Openness7
l.2.4Scalability9
]2.5FItfaIIS16
I.3TYPESOFDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMS17
1，3.1DistributedCompuhngSystems17
l.3.2DistributedinformationSystems20
l.3.3DistubutedPervasiveSystems24
I.4SUMMARY30
2ARCHITECTURES33
ZIARCHITECTURALSTYLES34
2.2SYSTEMARC~CTURES36
22.1CentralizedAIchitectures36
22.2DecentralizedArcLitectures43
2.2.3HybndArchitectures52
2.3ARCHITECTURESVERSUSMIDDLEWARE54
2.3.1Interceptors55
2.3.2GeneralAPPToachestoAdaptiveSoftware57
2.3.3Discussion58
tvCOMENTS
2.4SELf-MANAGEMENTINDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMS59
241ThereedbaskC()lltr(>1Mode]6(j
2.4.2ExampleSystemsMonitoringwithAstr，labe61
2.43ExampleDifferentiatingRepllcatiollStrilteglesinGlobule63
2.44ExampleAuionlahcComponentRepairMallagenlelltinJade65
25SUMMARY66
3PROCESSES69
3.1THREADS70
3.I.IIntroductiontoThieaus70
31.2ThreadsinDistributedSystems75
3.2VIRTUAL~ION79
3.2.1TheRoleofVirtualizationinDlstrihutcdSyslems79
3.22ArchitecturesofV]rtualMachlucsSO
3.3CLIENTS82
3.31NetwOIkedUserinterfaces82
3.32Client-SideSoftwareforDistribuu(inTTansparency87
34SERVERS88
3.4.1DeneraIDesignISSues88
3.4.2ServerClusters92
3.4.3ManagingServerClusters98
35COIJEMIGRAIION103
35，1Approachesti)C()dcMigration]03
3.5.2MzgrahonandLocalResollrces107
3.5.3MlgrahoninHeterogelleousSystems]10
3.6SUMMARY112
4COMMUNICATION115
41FLINDAMENTALS]16
4.1.1LayeredPn)tocols116
4.I.2TypesofCommllnicahon124
4.2REMOTEPROCEDURECALL125
42.1BasicRadoperation]26
42.2ParameterPassing130
CONTENTSl
4.2.3ASynchroIIOus~]34
4，24EXamplefDCERPC135
4.3MESSAGEORIENTEDCOMMUNICATION140
4.3.1MessageOrientedTrallsientCommunication141
4.3.2MessageOrientedPeISistentCommunication]45
4.3.3ExampleIBMsWehSphereMessage-QueuingSystem152
44STREAM-ORIENTEDCOMMUNICATION157
4.41SuPPorttorContinuousMedia158
4.4.2SmiarnsandQualityofService160
443SforalnSynchr(>n]，aiion163
4.5MULTICASTCOMMUNICATION]66
45.1Application-Leve]Mlllticasting]66
4.5.2GossipBasedDaalDissemination]70
46SIJMMARY175
5NAMING179
5.1NAMES.IDENTIFIERS.ANDADDRESSES180
5.2fIATNAMJNG182
5.2.]SIInpIeSOIut.ions183
5.2.2HomeBasedApproaches186
5.23DistritiutedHashTabICS188
5.2.4HieTarchicalApproaches191
5.3STRUCTUREDNAMING]95
5.3.1NameSpaces195
5.3.2NameResolution198
5.3.3TheInplementationofaNameSpace202
5.3.4ExamplefTheDomainNameSyrialy209
5.4ATTRIBUTeBASSONAMING217
5.4.1DirectoryServices217
5.42HieraIChicaI11npIemcntat]0IISfIDAP218
5.4.3Dcccntrali7edInlplelnentations222
5.5SUMmalY
yiCONmeNTS
6SYNCHRONIZATION231
6.1CLOCkSYNCHRONIZATION232
6.I.IPhysicalClOCks233
6，l，2GlobalPositioningSystem236
61，3ClockSynchronizationAlgorithms238
62LOGICALCLOCKS244
621LamportsLogicalClocks244
622VectorClocks248
6.3MUTUALEXCLUSION252
6.3.1Overmew252
6.3.2ACenlralizedAlg(lrithm253
6.3.3ADecentralizedAlgoflthm254
6.3.4ADistributedAlgonthm255
6.3.5ATokenbangAlgontdri258
6.3.6AComparisonoftheFourAlgonthms259
6.4GLOBALPOSITIONINGOFNODES260
65ELECTIONALGORIThmS263
65.1TladitionalElectionAlgonthins264
6.5.2ElectionsinWirelessEnvil+onments267
6.53ElectionsinLarge-ScaleSystems269
6.6SUMMARY270
7CONSISTENCYANDREPLICATION273
7.1INTRODUCTION274
71，ItreasonsforReplication274
71，2ffepIicationasSCalingtechnique275
72DATA~CENTRJCCONSISTENCYMODELS276
7.2.1ContmuousCollsistency277
7.2.2ConsistentOrderingofoperahons281
7.3CLIENT-CENTRICCONSISTENCYMODELS288
7.3.1EVentualCOnsistency289
7.3.2MonotomcReads291
7.3.3MOnotonicWrites292
7.3.4ReadYokeWntes294
7，3，5WritesFollowReads295
COmENTSVii
7.4REPLICAMANAGemENT296
7.4.1Replica-ServerPlaccnlent2t)6
7.4.2O)ntentReP]]cationandllacemcnt298
74.3ContentDistTibution302
75CONSISTENCYPROTOCOLS306
7.5.1ContinuousConsistency306
7.5.2PrimaryBasedProll)cols308
7.5.3ReplicatedWriteProtocols311
75.4CacheCoherencePlotocols313
7.>.5]nlplelnelltingClientCentricConsisiellcy315
7.6SUMMARY317
8FAULTTOLERANCE321
8.1INTRODUCTJONTOFAULTTOIaXANCF322
8.1，IBasicCOIICepIS322
8.12foiIureMOdelS324
8.]3FailureM3skIngbyRCdundancy326
8.2PROCESSRESILIENCE328
8.2.1Desig17ISSues328
8.2.2FailureMaskingaIIdReplication330
8.2.3AgreelncntinFaultySystems331
8.2.4FailureDetecu(}n335
8.3RELIABLECLJENT~SERVERCOMMUNICAIION336
8.31Pointto-PointCommunication337
8.3.2RPCSelllantlcsinthePresenceofFailllres337
8.4RruIA-BLEGROUPCOMMUMCATION343
8.4.]BasicReIiatrIeMuIticasiingSCnenICS343
8.42SCaIaIIIIItyinReliableMuIhcasting343
843AtomICMIIItICast348
8.5DISTRIBUTEDCOMMIT355
8.5.1Two-PhaseComlmt355
8.52ThTecPhaseCI)mntit360
8.6kECOVERY363
8，6.1Intra)ductio~363
8.6.2Checkpointing366
VinCONTFNTS
8.6.3massageLOgging369
8.6.4Recovery-OnentedCompuhng372
8.7SUMMARY373
9SECURITY377
9.]INTRODUCTIONTOSECURITY378
91，1SecurityThreats.Policies.andMechanisms378
9.l.2DesignIssues384
9.].3Cryptogranh}=389
92SECURECHANNELS396
9.2.]Authentication397
9.2.2MessageintegntyandConfidentiality405
92.3SecureGroupCornmunlcatlon408
92.4ExamplefKerbcros4if
9.3ACCESSCONTROL413
9.3.1GeneralIssuesinAccessControl414
9.3.2Firewalls418
9.3.3SecureMobileCode420
9.3.4DenialofService427
9.4SECURITYMANAGEMENT428
94.1KeyManagement428
9.4.2SecureGToupManagement433
9.4.3AllthorizationManagement434
9.5SUMMARY439
10DISTRIBUTEDOBJECT-BASEDSYSTEMS443
10.1ARCHITECTUre443
10.I.IDistrIbutedOtijccts4M
10.1.2ExamplefEntmpriseJavaBeaus446
10.].3EXampleGIOtreDistributedSharedOtijects448
10.2PROCESSES451
10.2.1ObjectServers451
10.2，2EXampleTheICedowntimeSystem454
CONmeNTSiX
10.3COMMUNICATION456
10.3.1BindingaClienttoanObject456
10.3.2StaticvcrsusDynamicRemoteMethodinvocations458
]0.33ParameterPassing460
10.3.4EXaInpIeJavaRMJ46]
1035OhIect-BasedMessaging464
10.4NAMING466
10.4.1CORBAOtijectRe，erences467
10.4.2GlObeOtrjectReferences469
10.5SYNCHRONIZATION470
106CONSISTENCYANDREPLICATION472
IO.6.1entryCOnsistency472
10.6.2Replicatedinvocations475
10.7FAULTTOLERANCE477
ID.7，IExampleFaultTolerantCORBA477
10.7.2ExampleFault-TolerantJava480
10，8SECURITY48]
10.8.1Example：G]obe482
10.8.2Securityfi)rRemoteObjects486
10.9SUMMARY487
11DISTRIBUTEDFILESYSTEMS491
II.]ARCHITECTURE491
l111Client-ServerArchitectures491
l112ClusteT-BasedDistributedFileSystems496
l113SylmnetncArchitectures499
1]2PROCESSES501
1].3COMMUNICATION502
I]31RadsinNFS502
1]32TheRPCZSubsysteIV503
1]33FIle-OTientedC(Immunicationinalan9505
114NabING506
114，INaminginNFS506
ll.4.2ConstructingaGlobalaamsSpace512
11.5SYNCHRONIZATION513
]1.5.]Semallticsl)fF]]eSharing513
II.5.2FiICLOCkIng516
11.5.3SharingFilesinCOda518
11.6CONSISTENCYANDREPLICATION519
11.6.]C]ientSideCaching520
ll.6.2Server-SideReplication524
ll.6.3ReplicahoninPeertoPcerFileSystems526
ll.6.4FileReplicationinGbedSystems528
11.7FAULTTOLERANCE529
l1.7.]IJandlingByzantineFailures529
l].7.2HighAvailabilityinPeer-to-PeerSystems53]
I].8SECURITY532
11slSecuntyinNFS533
l].82DecentralizedAuthentication536
l].83SecurePeer-to-PeerFile-ShanngSystems539
1]9SUMMARY541
12DISTRIBUTEDWEB-BASEDSYSTEMS545
12.1ARCHITECTURE546
12ifTraditionalWebBasedSystems546
1212WebSeTVices551
12.2PROCESSES554
12.2.1ClIents554
12.2.2TheApachcWebServero56
12.2.3WCbSeTVerClusters558
12.3COMMUNICATION560
12.3.1HypcrtcxtTrilnsfelProtocol560
123.2SimpleObjectACCessriotocoI566
12.4NAMING567
12.5SYNCHRONIZATION569
126CONSISTENCYANDREPLICAnON570
126.1WebProxyCaching571
12.6.2ReplicationforWebHostingSystems573
12.6.3ReplicationofWebAnviicaiions579
CONmeNTsXi
12.7FAULTTOLERANCE582
12.8SECURITY584
12.9SUMMARY585
13DISTRIBUTEDCOORDINATION-BASED589
SYSTEMS
13.]INTRODUCTIONTOCOORDINATIONMODELS589
13.2ARCHitECTURES59]
13.2.]OverilllApproach592
132.2Tradlll(malArchitestores593
132.3PeeTtoPeerArchitectures596
132，4MObiIit}=andC(]I)ruination599
13.3PROCESSES601
134COMMUNICATION60]
13.4.]COntent-BasedROasting601
13.4.2SllpportingCompositeSubscriptions603
13.5NAMJNG604
13.5.]DescribingCompositeEvellts604
13.5.2MatchingEventsandSubscriptiolls606
13.6SYNC[JRONIZATION607
13.7CONSISTENCYANDREPLICATION607
]3.7.1StaticApnroachcs608
13.7.2DynuncReplicanon611
13.8rAt1TTOLERANCE6]3
13.8.1ReliablepobIishSubscribeCOmmunicaiioIa613
13.8.2FaultToleranceinSharedDataspaces616
13.9SECURITY617
13.9.1COnfidentia]IIy618
13.9.2SecureSharedDataspaces620
13.10SUMMARY62]
XuCONTENTS
14SUGGESTIONSFORFURTHERREADING623
ANDBIBLIOGRAPHY
]4.1SUGGESTIONSFORFURTHERREADING623
14.ifintroductionandGenelalWorks623
1412Architectures624
14.I.3PIOCesses625
14.l.4Commumcatloll626
14.l.5Naming626
14.I.6Synchronization627
14.I.7COnsistencyandffepIication628
14.1.8FaultTolerance629
14.l.9Secllnty630
14.I.IODIStributedOnjectBasedSysteIIIS631
141.11DistxlblltedFileSystems632
14112]distributedWeb-BasedSysten3s632
14l.13DistributedCoordinationBasedSystems633
14.2ALPHABETICALBIBLIOGRAPHY634
INDEX669
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