Ecological Status and Conservation of Wildlife in Central Asia：【中亚野生动物生态现状与保护管理】

　　ThebookisareviewoftheinformationpresentlyavailableonzoologicalresearchintheformerSovietCentralAsia.MuchofourdatawascollectedandtranslatedfromscientificstudiesthatwerepreviouslyonlyreportedinRussian.WetriedtoincludeallaspectsofthecurrentzoologyinCentralAsia:paleozoology，zoogeography，animaladaptationstodifferentenvironments，biologicaldistinctivenessofanimaldistributionsintheplainsandmountains，impactsfromhumanactivities，andthepresentstatusofvariousanimalspecies，aswellasconservationeffortsofgovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations.Inaddition，wehaveincludedshortdescriptions，withmapsofdistribution，forsomeofthemostimportantrepresentativesofwildlifeinthisregion:fromnumeroustorareandextinctspecies，animalsforwhichthereisalackofinformation，andthebiologicalsourcesofmanydiseases.Intheappendixes，wehaveincludedafulllistofvertebratespeciesforeachCentralAsiarepublic，alongwithacombinedlistofwildlifeoftheentireCentralAsianecosystem.Webelievethatthisbookwillbeinterestingtoteachersanduniversitystudents，scientists，andallpeopleeverywherewholovenature.

PrefaceOne
PrefaceTwo
SeriesForeword
Foreword
1NATURE-GEOGRAPHICALCHARACTERISTICSOFCENTRALASIA
1.1CentralAsiaand/orMiddleAsia
1.2GeneralcharacteristicsofCentralAsia
1.2.1Semi-desertzone
1.2.2DesertZoneofCentralAsia
1.2.3TheMountainZoneofCentralAsia

2THEPALEOGEOGRAPHICALHISTORYOFTHECENTRALASIANFAUNA
2.1AmphibianandreptilefaunainthePaleozoic,Mesozoic,andCenozoiceras
2.2OrnithologicalfaunaduringTertiaryandQuaternaryperiods
2.3Mammalfaunaduringthepre-glaciationsperiod
2.4MammalfaunaduringtheGreatGlaciationsperiod
2.5Thedevelopmentofmammalfaunaduringthepost-PleistoceneEpoch

3ZOOGEOGRAPHICREGIONSOFCENTRALASIAANDTHEIRCHARACTERISTICS
3.1Generalcharacteristicsoffaunadevelopment
3.2Zoogeographicregionsofplains
3.2.1Theherpetologicalfauna
3.2.2Themammalianandornithologicalfauna
3.3Mosttypicalplainanimals
3.4Zoogeographicregionsofmountains
3.4.1Sub-oblastofthenorthernforests（Altay）
3.4.2ZoogeographicalregionsofTianshan,PamirandKopet-Dag
3.5Mosttypicalmountainanimals
3.6Wildlifeofrivervalleys
3.7Faunaofriversandlakes

4PECULIARITIESOFANIMALDISTRIBUTION
4.1TheCentralAsiaPlains
4.2TheCentralAsiamountains
4.3Verticalmountainzones
4.3.1Generalcharacteristics
4.3.2Themountaindesertbelt
4.3.3Thesemi-desertverticalbelt
4.3.4Themountaindrysteppes
4.3.5Theforest-meadow-steppebelt
4.3.6Sub-Alpinebelt
4.3.7TheAlpinebelt

5HUMANACTIVITYANDITSIMPACTONFAUNA
5.1Impactonamphibiansandreptiles
5.2Impactonbirds
5.3Impactonmammals
5.4Currentstatusofanimalconservation
5.5NationalRedDataBooks

6BIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONINCENTRALASIA
6.1Conservationlegislation
6.2StateNatureReserves（Zapovedniky）IUCNCategoryIa
6.3StateNationalParks（NatsionalniyePrirodniyeParky）IUCNCategory
6.4WildlifeSanctuaries（Zakazniky）IUCNCategory1V
6.5NaturalMonuments（PrirodniyePamyatniky）
6.6InternationalProtectedAreaDesignations
6.7UNESCOWorldHeritageDesignation
6.8ProvincialLevelProtectedAre,as

7MOSTIMPORTANTREPRESENTATIVESOFFAUNA
7.1Rareandendangeredspecies
7.1.1Semirechensk（CentralAsian）salamander（RanodonsibiricusKessler,1866）
7.1.2Pewzov'stoad（BufopezvzozviBedriaga1898）
7.1.3TranscaspianDesertMonitor（VaranusgriseusDaudin,1803）
7.1.4BlackFrancolin（FrancolinusfrancolinusLinnaeus,1766）
7.1.5HimalayanSnowcock（TetraogallushimalayensisGray,1842）
7.1.6WhitePelican（PelecanusonocrotalusLinnaeus,1758）
7.1.7GreaterFlamingo（PhoenicopterusroseusPallas,1811）
7.1.8Ibisbill（IbidorhynchastruthersiiVigors,1832）
7.1.9StripedHyena（HyenahyenaLinnaeus,1758）
7.1.10Leopard（PantherapardusLinnaeaus,1758）,PersianLeopard（P.pardustullianusValenciennes,1856）
7.1.11Snowleopard（UnciaunciaSchreber,1775）
7.1.12Bactrian（Bukhara）Deer（CervuselaphusbactrianusLydekker,1900）
7.1.13Saiga（SaigatataricaLinnaeus,1766）
7.1.14Goiteredgazelle（GazellasubgutturosaGuld.,1780）
7.1.15Bezoar（wild）goat（CapraaegagrusErxleben,1777）
7.1.16Markhor（CaprafalconeriWagner,1839）
7.1.17Urial（OvisvigneiBlyth,1840）
7.1.18Argali（OvisammonLinnaeus,1758）
7.1.19Kulan（EquushemionusPallas,1775）.Persianonager（EquushemionusonagerBoddaert,1785）
7.2Extinctspecies
7.2.1Tiger（PantheratigrisLinnaeus,1758）Turan（Caspian）tiger（PantheratigrisvirgataIlliger,1815）
7.2.2Cheetah（AcinonyxjubatusShreber,1775）.Asiaticcheetah（AcinonyxjubatusruddeiHilzh,1913）
7.2.3Przewalski'shorse（EquusprzewalshiiPoljakov,1881）
7.2.4Wildoxorurus（BosprimigeniusBojanus,1827）
7.3Animalresourcesandnumerousspecies
7.3.1Muskrat（OndatrazibethicusLinnaeus,1776）
7.3.2Caspianseal（PhocacaspicaGmelin,1788）
7.3.3Greywolf（CanislupusLinnaeus,1758）
7.3.4Wildboar（SusscrofaLinnaeus,1758）.MiddleAsiawildboar（S.scrofanigripesBlanford,1875）
7.3.5EuropeanRedDeer（CervuselaphusLinnaeus,1758）.Maral（CervuselaphussibiricusSewertzow,1873）
7.3.6Siberianibex（CaprasibiricaPallas,1776）
7.4Introducedspecies
7.4.1Russiandesman（DesmanamoschataLinnaeus,1758）,OrderEulipotyphla
7.4.2Eurasianredsquirrel（SciurusvulgarisLinnaeus,1758）,OrderRodencia
7.4.3Bobakmarmot（MarmotabobakMuller,1776）
7.4.4Large-toothedgroundsquirrel（Citellusfulvus）
7.4.5Muskrat（Ondatrazibethicus）
7.4.6Norwayrat（RattusnorvegiusBerkenhout,1769）
7.4.7Raccoondog（Nyctereutesprocyonoides）
7.4.8Nutria（Myocastorcoypus）
7.4.9Stripedskunk（MephitismephitisSchreber,1776）
7.4.10Americanmink（MustelavisonSchrebel,1777）
7.5Specieswithlackinformation
7.5.1Seleviniaordesertdormouse（SeleviniabetpakdalaensisBelosludovetBashanov,1938）
7.5.2Honeybadgerorratel（MellivoracapensisSchreber,1776）Turkmenianhoneybadger（MellivoracapensisbuechneriBaryshnikov,2000）
7.5.3MarbledPolecat（VormelapereusnaGuldenstaedt,1770）
7.5.4JunglecatorChaus（FelischausGuldenstaedt,1776）
7.5.5SandCat（FelismargaritaLoche,1858）
7.6Wildanimalsasasourceofdiseasesandepizooty
7.6.1Greatgerbil（RhombomysopimusLichtenstein,1823）
References

8APPENDIX
8.1ListofvertebrateanimalsofdifferentcountriesofCentralAsia
8.1.1Kazakhstanfauna
8.1.2Kyrgyzstanfauna
8.1.3Tajikistanfauna
8.1.4Turkmenistanfauna
8.1.5Uzbekistanfauna
8.1.6Xinjiangfauna
8.2TheUnitedListofVertebrateAnimalsofCentralAsia
ReferencesforAppendix