ARTHURSCHOPENHAURER(1788-1860)wasaGermanphilosopherknownforhispessimismandphilosophicalclarity.Atage25,hepublishedhisdoctoraldissertation,OntheFourfoldRootofthePrincipleofSufficientReason,whichexaminedthefourseparatemanifestationsofreasoninthephenomenalworld.
Schopenhauer'smetaphysicalanalysisofwill,hisviewsonhumanmotivationanddesire,andhisaphoristicwriting styleinfluencedmanywell-knownthinkersincludingFriedrichNietzsche,Richard
Wagner,LudwigWittgenstein,ErwinSchrodinger,AlbertEinstein,SigmundFreud,OttoRank,CarlGustavJung,LeoTolstoy,andJorgeLuisBorges.