Acknowledgements
Preface
PARTONEBackground
Introduction
1Anintroductiontosecondlanguage,acquisitionresearch
Whatis'second:languageacquisition'?
CasestudiesofLzlearners
WongFillmore's(1976,1979)studyoffiveMexicanchildren
Schumann's(I978b)studyofAlberto
Schmidt's(1983)studyofWes
Ellis'(1984a,1992)studyofthreeclassroomlearners
Lardiere's(2007)studyofPatty
Issuesraisedbythecasestudies
TheroleofageinL2acquisition
Theeffectsofageontherateofsecondlanguagelearning
Theeffectsofageonultimateachievement
Age-relatedeffects:somegeneralconclusions
AframeworkforexploringSLA
Summaryandconclusion
PARTTWODescription:thecharacteristicsoflearnerlanguage
Description:thecharacteristicsoflearnerlanguage
Introduction
2Learnererrorsanderroranalysis
Introduction
CollectionofasampleoflearnerlanguageErrors
Identifcationoferrors
Descrrptionoferrors
Explanationoferrors
Evaluatingerrors
Thelimtationsoferroranalysis
Summary
MorerecentEAresearch
3Developmentalpatternsinsecondlanguageacquisition
Introduction
Methodsforinvestigatingdevelopmentalpatterns
DevelopmentalpatternsinLiacquisition
Developmentalpatternsinsecondlanguageacquisition
Theearlystages(Thesilentperiod/Formularcsequences/Structuralandsemantrcsimplification)
Theacquisitronofgrammatrcalmorphemes:orderandsequence
Theacquisrtionofvocabulary
Theacquisitronofpbonology
TheL2=LⅠhypothesis
Summary
Conclusion
4Variabilityinlearnerlanguage
Introduaion
Sometheoreticalperspectives
Sociolrngursticmodels
Socral-psycbologrcalmodels
Psycbolinguisticmodels
Summaryandfinalcomment
Atypologyofvariabilityinlearnerlanguage
Freevariationinlearnerlanguage
Systematicvariation
Variabilityinform-functionsystems
SociolinguisticaccountsofL2vanability
PsycbohnguistrcaccountsofL2variabihty
Amulti-faaorapproach
Summary
Conclusion
5Pragmaticaspectsoflearnerlanguage
Introduction
Speechactsandillocutionarymeaning
Researchmethodsforstudyingpragmaticaspectsoflearnerlanguage
Illocutionaryactsinlearnerlanguage
Requests
Apologies
Refusals
Finalcomments
Interactionalactsinlearnerlanguage
Therelationshipbetweenlinguisticandpragmaticdevelopment
Conclusion
PARTTHREEExplainingsecondlanguageacquisition:externalfactors
6Input,interaction,andsecondlanguageacquisition
Introduaion
Methodsforinvestigatinginputandinteraction
Descriptrvemetbods
Experimentalmetbods
Self-reportmethods
Introspectivemethods
Comment
Thecharacteristicsofinputtolanguagelearners
Caretakertalk
Forergnertalk
Interlanguagetalk
Summary
Thecharaaeristicsofinteraaionsinvolvinglanguagelearners
Discoursemanagement
Discourserepair
Repairinconversationalanalysis
Scaffolding
Summary
Inputandinteractioninfirstlanguageacquisition
Inputandinteractioninsecondlanguageacquisition
ResearchbasedonthecomputationmodelofL2acquisition
SocioculturalaccuntsofimteractionandL2acquisition
Conclusion
7Socialaspeasofsecondlanguageacquisition
Introduction
PsycholinguisticversussociolinguisticSLA
ThesocialsettingsofL2learning
Naturalversuseducatronalsettings
Naturalsettrngs
Educationalsettings
Summary
Socialfactorsandsecondlanguageacquisition
Age
Sexandgender
Socialclass
Etbnicidentity
Summary-323
SituationalfactorsandL2acquisition
SocialtheoriesofL2acquisition
TheAcculturatronModel
TheSocro-educationalModel
TheInter-groupModel
Languagesocralization
Socralrdentitytbeory
Conclusion
PARTFOURExplainingsecondlanguageacquisition:internalfactors
8Languagetransfer
Introduaion
Terminologicalissues
Themethodologyoftransferstudies
Transferas4communicatron,andlearningprocess
Choiceofdataforthesutyoftransfer
Identifyinginstancesoftransfer
Measuringcrosslinguisticeffcts
Earlydays
TheContrastiveAnalysisHypothesis
Theminimalistplsition
Reappraisal
Evidenceoftransfereffects
Production
Reception
Conceptualtransfer
Constraintsontransfer
Sociolinguisticfactors
Markedness
Prototypicality
Languagedistanceandpsychotyplolgy
Developmentalfactors
Summary
Tbwardsatheoryoflanguagetransfer
1Transferoccursinbothcommumicationandinlearing
2TransfearisesasaresultofbothdifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetargetlanguageandtheL1
3Transferworksinconjunctionwithotherfactors
4Transferisbothaconsciousandsubconsciousprocess
5Transferisbothconceptualandlinguistic
6Transferisultimatelyasubjectivephenomenon
Conclusion:problemsinthestudyoftransfer
9Cognitiveaccountsofsecondlanguageacquisition
Introduction
Thecomputationalmodel
TherepresentationofL2knowledge
Earlyinterlanguagetheory
VariableL2knowledge
FunctionalistviewsofL2knowledge
ImplicitandexplicitL2knowledge
DeclarativeandprocduralL2knowledge
Thedual-modesystem
Concludingcomments
TheprocessesofL2acquisition
Micro-processes
Macro-processes
FinalcommentonthestudyofprocessesofL2acquisition
CognitivetheoriesofL2acquisition
……
PARTFIVEExplainingindividualdifferencesinsecondlanguage
PARTSIXThebrainandL2acquisition
PARTSEVENClassroomsecondlanguageacquisition
PARTEIGHTConclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Authorindex
Subjectindex