【图书描述】: 本书详细介绍了英语写作过程，讲解九种作文的方法，谴词造句的技巧，针对学生习作进行评析，并选用名家作品供分析和模访。 【编辑推荐】: 《美国大学英语写作》(第6版) 权威，作者集二十余年英语写作教学经验之大成，精心编写。本书已经数次再版，是历经锤炼的经典写作教材。 系统：详细介绍写作过程，讲解九种作文的方法，针对学生习作进行评析，并选用名家作品供分析和模仿。 实用：讲解大学阶段常用体裁的写作，如怎样写文章摘要、学习报告、简历、求职信和研究论文，以及如何查阅资料等。范例丰富，实用性强。 便捷：提供各类练习和网上辅助教学资源，便于学习者和教师使用。 【内容简介】: 本书是一部全面、系统、实用的英语写作教材，适合大学英语专业学生、非英语专业高年级学生以及其他希望提高英语写作水平的学习者使用。 权威，作者集二十余年英语写作教学经验之大成，精心编写。本书已经数次再版，是历经锤炼的经典写作教材。 系统：详细介绍写作过程，讲解九种作文的方法，针对学生习作进行评析，并选用名家作品供分析和模仿。 实用：讲解大学阶段常用体裁的写作，如怎样写文章摘要、学习报告、简历、求职信和研究论文，以及如何查阅资料等。范例丰富，实用性强。 便捷：提供各类练习和网上辅助教学资源，便于学习者和教师使用。 【作者简介】: John Langan has taught reading and writing at Atlantic Cape Community College near Atlantic City, New Jersey, for over twenty years. The author of a popular series of college textbooks on both subjects, he enjoys the challenge of developing materials that teach skills in an especially clear and lively way. Before teaching, he earned advanced degrees in writing at Rutgers University and in Reading at Rowan University. He also spent a year writing fiction that, he says, “is now at the back of a drawer waiting to be discovered and acclaimed posthumously.” While in school, he supported himself by working as a truck drive, a machinist, a battery assembler, a hospital attendant, and an apple packer. 【目录】: Reading Listed by Rhetorical Mode To the Instructor PART ONE: ESSAY WRITIONG 短文写作 1 An Introduction to Writing Point and Support Structure of the Traditional Essay Benefits of Writing the Traditional Essay Writing as a Skill Writing as a Process of Discovery Writing as a Way to Communicate with Others Keeping a Journal Using a Computer Review Activities Using This Text 2 The Writing Process Prewriting Writing a First Draft Revising Editing Review Activities 3 The First and Second Steps in Essay Writing Step 1: Begin with a Point, or Thesis Step 2: Support the Thesis with Specific Evidence Practice in Advancing and Supporting a Thesis 4 The Third Step in Essay Writing Step 3: Organize and Connect the Specific Evidence Introductions, Conclusions, and Titles Practice in Organizing and Connecting Specific Evidence 5 The Fourth Step in Essay Writing Revising Sentences Editing Sentences Practice in Revising Sentences 6 Four Bases for Revising Essays Base 1: Unity Base 2: Support Base 3: Coherence Base 4: Sentence Skills Practice in Using the Four Bases PART TOW: PATTERNS OF ESSAY DEVELOPMENT 短文的分类和写作手法 7 Introduction to Essay Development Important Considerations in Essay Development 8 Description READING: Lous Place Beth Johnson 9 Narration READING: The Yellow Ribbon Pete Hamill 10 Examples READING: Dad Andrew H. Malcolm 11 Process READING: How to Do Well on a Job Interview Glenda Davis 12 Cause and Effect READING: Taming the Anger Monster Anne Davidson 13 Comparison and Contrast READING: Born to Be Different? Camille Lewis 14 Definition …… PART THREE: SPECLAL SKILLS 实用写作技巧 PART FOUR: HANDBOOK OF SENTENCE SKILLS 句子写作技巧指南 PART FIVE: READINGS FOR WRITING 以阅读带动写作 Reading Comprehension Chart Credits Index 【文摘】: 3. Transfer. In transfer, advertisers try to improve the image of a product by associating it with a symbol most people respect, like the American flag or Uncle Sam. The advertisers hope that the prestige attached to the symbol will carry over to the product. Many companies use transfer devices to identify their products: Lincoln Insurance shows a profile of the President; Continental Insurance portrays a Revolutionary War minuteman; Amtrak's logo is red, white, and blue; Liberty Mutual's corporate symbol is the Statue of Liberty; Allstate's name is cradled by a pair of protective, fatherly hands. Corporations also use the transfer technique when they sponsor prestigious shows on radio and television. These shows function as symbols of dignity and class. Kraft Corporation, for instance, sponsored a "Leonard Bernstein Conducts Beethoven" concert, while Gulf Oil is the sponsor of Nationa/ Geographic speaals and Mobil supports public television's Masterpiece Theater. In this way, corpo- rations can reach an educated, influential audience and, perhaps, improve their public image by associating themselves with quality programming. Political ads, of course, practically wrap themselves in the flag. Ads for a political candidate often show either the Washington Monument, a Fourth of July parade, the Stars and Stripes, a bald eagle soaring over the mountains, or a white-steepled church on the village green, The national anthem or "America the Beautiful" may play in the background. Such appeals to Americans' love of country can surround the candidate with an aura of patriotism and integrity. 4. Testimonial. The testimonial is one of advertisers' most-loved and most-used propaganda techniques. Similar to the transfer device, the testimonial capitalizes on the admiration people have for a celebrity to make the product shine more brightly-even though the celebrity is not an expert on the product being sold. Print and television ads offer a nonstop parade of testimonials: here's WilliamShatner for Priceline.com; here's basketball star Michael Jordan eating Wheat-ies; a slew of well-known people (inclouding pop star Madonna) advertise clothing from the Gap; and Jerry Seinfeld assures us he never goes anywhere without his American Express card. Testimonials can sell movies, too; newspaper ads for filmsoften fenature favorable comments by well-known reviewers. And, in recent years,testimonials have played an important role in pitching books; the backs of paper-backs frequently list complimentary blurbs by celebrities. Political candidates, as well as their ad agencies, know the value of testimo-nials. Barbra Streisand lent her star appeal to the presidential campaign of Bill Clinton, while Arnold Schwarzenegger endorsed George Bush. Even controversial social issues are debated by celebrities. The nuclear freeze, for instance, starred Paul Newman for the pro side and Charlton Heston for the con. As illogical as testimonials sometimes are (Pepsi's Mii:hael Jackson, for in-stance, is a health-food adherent who does not drink soft drinks), they are effec-tive propaganda. We like the person so much that we like the product too. 5. Plain Folks. The plain folks approach says, in effect, "Buy me or vote for me. I'm just like you." Regular folks will surely' Like Bob Evans's Down on the Farm Coun-try Sausage or good old-fashioned Country time Lemonade. Some ads emphasize the idea that:we're all in the same boat." We see people making long-distance calls for just the reasons we do-to put the baby on the phone to Grandma or to tell Mom we love her. And how do these folksy, warmhearted (usually saccharine) scenes affect us? They're supposed to make us feel that AT&T-the multinational corporate giant-has the same values we do. Similarly, we are introduced to the little people at Ford, the ordinary folks who work on the assembly line, not to bigwigs in their executive offices, What's the purpose of such an approach? To encourage us to buy a car built by these honest, hardworking "everyday Joes"who care about quality as much as we do. Political advertisements make almost as much use of the "plain folks" ap-peal as they do of transfer devices. Candidates wear hard hats, farmers' caps, and assembly-line coveralls. They jog around the block and carry their own luggage through the airport. The idea is to convince voters that the candidates are average people, not the elite-not wealthy lawyers or executives but common citizens. 6. Card Stacking. When people say that "the cards were stacked against me," they mean that they were never given a fair chance. Applied to propaganda, card stacking means that one side may suppress or distort evidence, tell half-truths, oversimplify the facts, or set up a "straw man"-a false target-to divert attention from the issue at hand. Card stacking is a difficult form of propaganda both to detect and to combat. When a candidate claims that an opponent has "changed his mind five times on this important issue," we tend to accept the claim with out investigating whether the candidate had good reasons for changing his mind. Many people are simply swayed by the distorted claim that the candidate is "waf-fling" on the issue. Advertisers often stack the cards in favor of the products they are pushing. They may, for instance, use what are called "weasel words." These are small words that usually slip right past us, but that make the difference between reality and illusion. The weasel words are underlined in the following claims: "Helps control dandruff symptoms." (The audience usually interprets this as stops dandruff.) "Most dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum." (We hear the "most dentist" and "for their patients," but we don't think about how many were surveyed or whether or not the dentists first recommended that the patients not chew gum at all.) "Sticker price $1,OOOlowerthan most comparable cars." (How many is "most"?What car does the advertiser consider "comparable"?) Advertisers also use a card stacking trick when they make an unfinished claim. For example, they will say that their product has "twice as much pain reliever." We are left with a favorable impression. We don’t usually ask, "Twice as much pain reliever as what?" Or advertisers may make extremely vague claims that sound alluring but have no substance: Toyota's "Oh, what a feeling!"; Vantage ciga-rettes' "the taste of success"; "The spirit of Marlboro"; Coke's "the real thing." Another way to stack the cards in favor of a certain product is to use scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by sound research. When Ford claimed that its LTD model was "400% quieter," many people assumed that its LTD must be quieter than all other cars. When taken to court, however, Ford admitted that the phrase referred to the difference between the noise level inside and outside the LTD. Other scientific-sounding claims use mysterious ingredients that are never explained as selling points: Retsyn, "special whitening agents," "the ingredient doctors recommend." 7. Bandwagon. In the bandwagon technique, advertisers pressure, "Everyone's doing it. Why don't you?" This kind of propaganda often succeeds because many people have a deep desire not to be different. Political ads tell us to vote for the "winning candidate." The advertisers know we tend to feel comfortable doing hat others do; we want to be on the winning team. Or ads show a series of peo-ple proclaiming, "I'm voting for the Senator. I don't know why anyone wouldn't."Again, the audience feels under pressure to conform. ……
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