Contents
Preface
List of figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations
List of symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to pathogenic bacteria and food-borne illness
1.1.1 Foodborne pathogenic bacteria
1.1.2 Infectious dose and detection of bacteria
1.2 Conventional bacterial detection methods
1.2.1 Plate counting methods
1.2.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)
1.2.3 Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
1.3 Biosensors
1.3.1 Optical biosensors
1.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors
1.3.3 Acoustic wave(AW)biosensors
1.3.4 Micro-cantilever(MC)based biosensors
1.3.5 Magnetostrictive micro-cantilever(MSMC)-based biosensors
1.4 Magnetostrictive particle(MSP)based biosensors
1.4.1 Resonance behavior of MSP
1.4.2 Resonance behavior of MSP in viscous media
1.4.3 Magnetostrictive effect and materials
1.4.4 Current status of biosensors based on MSPs
1.5 Sensing element for biosensors?antibodies vs.phages
1.6 Research objectives
References
2 Resonance behavior of msp and influence of surrounding media
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characterization of the resonance behavior of an MSP
2.3 Materials and methods
2.4 Results and discussion
2.4.1 Resonance frequency of MSPs
2.4.2 The Q value of MSPs
2.4.3 Resonance frequency of MSP in liquid
2.4.4 Determination of surface roughness Rave
2.4.5 Factors that affect the measured surface roughness Rave
2.4.6 Effect of liquid on Q value
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Techniques in design and production of phage/antibody immobilized magnetostrictive biosensor for bacterial detection
3.1 Introduction
3.2 MSP preparation
3.3 Phage and antibody immobilization
3.3.1 Phage immobilization
3.3.2 Antibody immobilization
3.4 Blocking agents
3.5 Preparation of bacterial culture
3.6 Experimental setup
3.7 SEM observation
3.8 Hill plot and kinetics of binding
3.9 Results and discussion
3.9.1 Detection of S.typhimurium
3.9.2 Detection of E.coli
3.9.3 Detection of S.aureus
3.9.4 Detection of L.Monocytogenes
3.10 Conclusions
References
4 Design and simulating techniques for portable msp biosensor system
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Equivalent circuit of magnetostrictive/magnetoelastic resonator
4.3 Characterization of resonance behavior of magnetostrictive/magnetoelastic resonator
4.3.1 Indirect approach for the frequency-domain technique
4.3.2 Time-domain technique
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Synthesis of amorphous magnetostrictive thin film/nanowires using electrochemical deposition method?
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials preparation
5.3 Electrochemical deposition of amorphous Co-Fe-B thin films
5.4 Electrochemical deposition of Co-Fe-B nanobars/nanotubes
5.5 Results and discussion
5.6 Conclusions
References
6 Future perspectives and recommendations
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Schematic of different colony counting techniques where the white dots represent the bacteria colonies and the grey circles represent the agar plate
Figure 1-2 Illustration of enzyme labeled antibody ELISA
Figure 1-3 An illustration of the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
Figure 1-4 Schematic illustration of a typical biosensor system
Figure 1-5 A typical prism-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor configuration
Figure 1-6 Scheme of frequency vs.signal amplitude of an AW sensor, where f0 and fmass are the resonance frequency of the sensor without mass load and with mass load, respectively
Figure 1-7 Schematic definition of Q value.The resonance peak is at frequency f0 with a height of h
Figure 1-8 Schematic illustration of an acoustic plate mode(APM)device
Figure 1-9 Diagram of Lamb wave modes
Figure 1-10 Illustration of cantilever array readout by optical beam deflection
Figure 1-11 Illustration of a fluid filled micro-cantilever
Figure 1-12 Configuration of a magnetostrictive micro-cantilever
Figure 1-13 Schematic of working principle of a magnetostrictive biosensor
Figure 1-14 (a)Smooth surface;(b)rough surface with trapped liquid particles;(c)equivalent attached liquid layer on the smooth surface.The solid circles represent liquid particles.R denotes the variation of the mountains and valleys where the mountains and valleys were assumed to be evenly and uniformly distributed on the MSP surface.Rave denotes the average surface roughness(i.e.average thickness of the trapped liquid layer)
Figure 1-15 Magnetostriction response of a magnetostrictive material:mechanical strain(λ)in relation to external magnetic field(H)
Figure 1-16 Schematic structure of a filamentous phage
Figure 1-17 Configuration of a typical antibody structure
Figure 2-1 Configuration of a network analyzer with an S-parameter test set
Figure 2-2 A typical magnitude and phase curve of S11 parameter changing with the frequency of an MSP
Figure 2-3 Resonance frequency(f1)of the 1st harmonic mode(n=1)of MSPs
Figure 2-4 2Lf1 in relation to L for the MSPs with different L/W ratios
Figure 2-5 The Q value of MSPs with different sizes and geometries
Figure 2-6 The length dependence of the resonance frequency(f1,l)of first harmonic mode for MSPs in different liquids
Figure 2-7 The"2·L·f1,l"in relation to the L for the MSPs with different L/W ratios,where the f1,l is the resonance frequency of the first harmonic mode of MSPs in liquids
Figure 2-8 The"2·L·f1,l"in relation to the L/W ratio for the MSPs with different lengths,where the f1,l is the resonance frequency of the first harmonic mode of MSPs in liquids
Figure 2-9 Δfn/ρlvs.*for two similar MSPs in different liquids
Figure 2-10 Δfn/ρlvs.*for two similar MSPs in different liquids
Figure 2-11 Δfn/ρlvs.*for MSPs with the same width but different lengths in different liquids,where the MSPs were operated at first harmonic mode
Figure 2-12 Δfn in relation to(fn)0.5 for an MSP in different media.The size of the MSP is 15.52mm×3.78mm×30μm and three harmonic modes(1st,3rd,5th)are presented
Figure 2-13 The 1/Q vs.*for two similar sizes of MSPs(MSP-1:15.52mm×3.78mm×30μm and MSP-2:15.58mm×3.76mm×30μm)in different liquids
Figure 2-14 Δfn/ρlvs.*for MSPs with the same width but different lengths in different liquids,where the MSPs were operated at first harmonic mode
Figure 3-1 Schematic illustration of modification of antibodies(top)and the immobilization of the modified antibody onto gold coated MSP(bottom)
Figure 3-2 Schematic configuration of the experimental setup for the characterization of the response of MSP biosensor in liquid analyte
Figure 3-3 Scheme of(a)the sequences of the analytes through the test chamber(tube);(b)the typical sensor response
Figure 3-4 (a)Stable/saturated shift in the resonance frequency shift of an MSP sensor in relation to the population of the analyte.(b)A typical Hill plot obtained from the data shown in Figure(a)
Figure 3-5 A typical dynamic dose response of a phage E2 immobilized magnetostrictive biosensor in the size of 1.0mm×0.3mm×15μm to increasing population of S.typhimurium
Figure 3-6 Resonance frequency shifts(Hz)change with the increasing population of the S.typhimurium
Figure 3-7 Hill plot from the dose response curve
Figure 3-8 The dynamic dose response of an antibody immobilized sensor to the increasing population of E.coli
Figure 3-9 Resonance frequency shifts(Hz)change with the increasing population of the E.coli suspensions(cfu/ml)
Figure 3-10 Hill plot from the dose response curve
Figure 3-11 The dynamic dose response of an antibody immobilized sensor to the increasing population of S.aureus
Figure 3-12 Resonance frequency shift(Hz)of the sensors with different treatment
Figure 3-13 Hill plot from the dose response curve
Figure 3-14 A dynamic dose response of an antibody immobilized magnetostrictive sensor to increase populations
Figure 3-15 Resonance frequency shift(Hz)of the sensors with different treatment:the antibody immobilized sensor(square)and a reference sensor(dot)change with the increasing population of the L.monocytogene suspensions
Figure 3-16 The Resonance frequency shift(Hz)of the sensors with different treatment:magnetostrictive biosensors(square),reference sensors(dot),casein blocked controlled sensors(triangle),and BSA blocked controlled sensors(reciprocal triangle)
Figure 3-17 Hill plot from the dose response curve showing the kinetics of antibody and bacteria binding
Figure 3-18 SEM images of L.monocetogenes on(a)the casein controlled sensor;(b)the BSA controlled sensor;(c)the reference sensor(devoid of antibody immobilization),and(d)the antibody-immobilized magnetostrictive sensor
Figure 4-1 The equivalent circuit of the device under test(DUT).(a)The overall equivalent circuit.(b),(c),and(d)show the details of the equivalent circuit for three main parts of the circuit shown in(a),where R,L and C are resistor,inductor,and capacitor,respectively
Figure 4-2 Frequency dependence of the impedance Z(ω)of a magnetic resonator in a coil
Figure 4-3 Schematic of time domain technique,(a)a pulse current is applied on to a DUT;(b)a voltage across the two ends of the DUT is generated.The voltage changes with the time
Figure 4-4 The schematic circuit for(a)the DUT;(b)the reference
Figure 4-5 Fitting for the resonance phase behavior of a sensor in the size of 1.0mm×0.3mm×30μm in air.The dash lines are the fitting results while the solid lines are the experimental results
Figure 4-6 (Left)block diagram of the interrogation device,(right)picture of the interrogation device
Figure 4-7 The picture of the circuit built based on the design shown in Figure 4-5
Figure 4-8 The holder built on a circuit board, where both reference and DUT channels are included.The backside of the board is grounded
Figure 4-9 The graphical user interface(GUI)
Figure 4-10 Resonance spectrum of the sensor using different device:(a)phase in relation to frequency;(b)amplitude and gain in relation to frequency where the solid line represents the measured result using network analyzer and the dash line represents the measured result using the indirect approach
Figure 4-11 (a)Phase of Z(ω)frequency in air in relation to frequency in water;(b)gain of Z(ω)in relation to frequency in air and in water
Figure 4-12 Phase signal of MSP in coil in relation to frequency.(a)MSP in size of 0.75mm×0.15mm×30μm;(b)MSP in size of 0.5mm×0.1mm×30μm.The dash lines are the results for MSPs in water, while the solid lines are the results for MSPs in air
Figure 4-13 Schematic configuration of a capacitor in parallel with the DUT
Figure 4-14(a) The phase in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results of different capacitors in parallel with the DUT.The capacitance(Cx)of each capacitor is given in this figure
Figure 4-14(b) The gain in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results of different capacitors in parallel with the DUT.The capacitance(Cx)of each capacitor is given in this figure
Figure 4-15 (a)Phase in relation to frequency;(b)absolute value of phase in relation to frequency.In(a)from top to bottom, the curves correspond the increase in the capacitance of Cx
Figure 4-16 The phase peak amplitude in relation to capacitance of Cx
Figure 4-17 Schematic configuration of a capacitor in series with the DUT
Figure 4-18(a) The phase in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results with different capacitors in series with the DUT.The capacitance of each capacitor is given in this figure
Figure 4-18(b) The gain in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results with different capacitors in series with the DUT.The capacitance of each capacitor is given in this figure
Figure 4-19 The simulation of phase in relation to frequency.The curves from top to bottom correspond to the increase in the capacitance of Cx
Figure 4-20 Phase peak amplitude in relation to capacitance of Cx
Figure 4-21 Schematic configuration of a resistor in parallel with the DUT
Figure 4-22(a) The phase in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results of different resistors in parallel with the DUT.The resistance of each resistor is given in this figure
Figure 4-22(b) The gain in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the results of different resistors in parallel with the DUT.The resistance of each resistor is given in this figure
Figure 4-23 The simulation of phase in relation to frequency.The curve moves from bottom to top corresponding to the increase in the resistance of Rx
Figure 4-24 Phase peak amplitude in relation to resistances of Rx
Figure 4-25 Schematic configuration of a resistor in series with the DUT
Figure 4-26(a) The phase in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the result of different resistors in series with the DUT.The resistance of each resistor is given in this figure
Figure 4-26(b) The gain in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The different curves are the result of different resistors in series with the DUT.The resistance of each resistor is given in this figure
Figure 4-27 The phase in relation to frequency for an MSP in a coil.The curves from the top to the bottom correspond to the increase in the resistance of Rx
Figure 4-28 Phase peak amplitude in relation to resistances of Rx
Figure 4-29 New design for DC and AC coils
Figure 4-30 Phase in relation to frequency under different DC current
Figure 4-31 (a)Resonance frequency in relation to DC for the same sensor;(b)phase peak amplitude in relation to DC for the same sensor
Figure 4-32 Schematic configuration I of the holder where two sensors(MSP-1 and MSP-2)were put in one coil
Figure 4-33 The phase signal vs.frequency for two sensors(MSP-1 and MSP-2)in one coil
Figure 4-34 Schematic configuration II of the holder where two coils are connected in parallel
Figure 4-35 The phase signal vs.frequency for two coils: coil-1 and coil-2 connected in parallel.The MSP-1 was placed in coil-1 and MSP-2 was placed in coil-2
Figure 4-36 Schematic configuration III of the holder where two coils were connected in series
Figure 4-37 The phase signal vs.frequency for two coils:coil-1 and coil-2 connected in series.The MSP-1 was placed in coil-1 and MSP-2 was placed in coil-2
Figure 4-38 Resonance frequency shift(Hz)change with the increasing population of the S.typhimurium suspensions
Figure 4-39 Schematic definition of a square pulse as a function of time
Figure 4-40 Schematic diagram of an FT magnitude spectrum of a square pulse
Figure 4-41 (a)Signal amplitude vs. time;(b)signal amplitude vs. frequency
Figure 4-42 Schematic block diagrams for the time-domain interrogation device
Figure 4-43 (a)Picture of the circuitry based on the design;(b)picture of circuitry in the metal box as shown in Figure 4-44(a)
Figure 4-44 (a)Picture of the holder;(b)schematic diagram of the driving and pick-up coils
Figure 4-45 The graphical user interface(GUI)
Figure 4-46 The power spectrum vs. frequency for an MSP sensor
Figure 4-47 The power spectrum vs. frequency for(a)two sensors(MSP-1 and MSP-2)in air and in water;(b)two sensors(MSP-3 and MSP-4)in air and in water
Figure 4-48 The power spectrum vs. frequency under different pulse voltages for an MSP sensor
Figure 4-49 The dose response of a magnetostrictive phage immobilized sensor(square),reference sensor(dot),and casein blocked sensor(triangle)
Figure 5-1 Electrochemical cell for Co-Fe-B thin film deposition
Figure 5-2 XRD patterns of Co-Fe-B thin films with different deposition currents
Figure 5-3 XRD patterns of Co-Fe-B thin films with different amount of DMAB
Figure 5-4 XRD patterns of Co-Fe-B thin films with different amount of FeSO4
Figure 5-5 Template synthesis of Co-Fe-B nanobars/nanotubes
Figure 5-6(a) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:1 min,initial concentration
Figure5-6(b) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:3 min,initial concentration
Figure5-6(c) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:6 min,initial concentration
Figure 5-6(d) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:15 min,initial concentration
Figure 5-6(e) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:1 mA,deposition time:3 min,initial concentration
Figure 5-6(f) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:5 mA,deposition time:3 min,initial concentration
Figure 5-6(g) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:10 mA,deposition time:15 min,initial concentration
Figure 5-6(h) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:6 min,1/4 initial concentrations
Figure 5-6(i) Partially gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:15 min,1/4 initial concentrations
Figure 5-6(j) Fully gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:1 min,1/4 initial concentrations
Figure 5-6(k) Fully gold covered template,deposition current:15 mA,deposition time:1 min,1/4 initial concentrations
Figure 5-7 Formation process of nanotubes in the case of an annular base electrode. The different color circles denote different deposited ions
Figure 5-8 Schematic illustration of the transition from nanotube to nanobars with(a)a gradual process and(b)an abrupt process
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Microorganism-specific food source profile,by proportion(%)for foodborne outbreaks reported between 1988 and 2007
Table 1-2 Infectious dose and incubation periods of the four most common food-borne pathogens
Table 1-3 Working principle of optical detection
Table 1-4 Comparison of different AW sensors
Table 1-5 Material properties for MetglasTM 2826 and Fe80B20
Table 2-1 Designed dimensions of MSPs used in the experiments
Table 2-2 The densities and dynamic viscosities of air and the selected liquids at 20℃
Table 2-3 A and B values for the MSP-1 operated at different harmonic modes
Table 2-4 A and B values for the MSP-2 operated at different harmonic modes
Table 2-5 A and B values for the MSP-1 operated at 1st harmonic mode
Table 2-6 C and D values for one MSP operated at different harmonic modes
Table 2-7 The J values determined from experimental results through fitting using Equation(2-9)and directly calculated from Equation(2-10)
Table 2-8 The J values determined from experimental results through fitting using Equation(2-9)and directly calculated from Equation(2-10)for MSPs at 1st harmonic mode
Table 5-1 Composition of baths for Co-Fe-B thin film deposition
Table 5-2 Composition of bath A for Co-Fe-B thin film deposition
Table 5-3 Composition of five individual baths for Co-Fe-B thin film deposition
Table 5-4 Composition of three individual baths for Co-Fe-B thin film deposition
Table 5-5 The designed deposition conditions for studying Co-Fe-B nanobars
Table 5-6 The dependence of thickness(μm)of Co-Fe-B nanobars/nanotubes on different deposition conditions
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