朗文英语口语和笔语语法

TheLongmanGrammarofSpokenandWrittenEnglishisanentirelynewgrammarofAmericanandBritishEnglish-fromthelanguageofconversationtothelanguageofacademictextbooks.Therearenomade-upexamplesinthisgroundbreakingnew-gramar.Theauthorsbegan.NotwithpreconceivednotionsofthegrmmarofEnglish.Butwithahugebankoflanguagedata，theLongmanCorpusNetwork.

Asix-yearresearchprojectbroughttogetherthelinguisticexpertiseofanintenationalauthorteam-allacknowledgedexpertsinthefieldofcorpuslinguisticsandgrammar.

Theresultofthisresearchisthepresentvolume.Manypointsoftraditionalgrammarareconfirmed.Butnowonthebasisofmuchlargeramountsofstatisticaldatathaneverbefore.Someaspectsoftraditionalgrammararechallengedbythisbook，andsomenewfindings.Notevensuspectedbeforenow，willsurpriseandinterestthereader.

WhatmakesthisbooksospecialisthatitturnsEnglishinsideout.ProfessorDouglasBibersresearchteamtaggedandparsedthestructuresintheCorpus.Thisanalysisrevealedthedegreetowhichdifferentgrammaticalfeaturesoflanguagevaryaccordingtothetypeoflanguage.Thewaylanguageisusedinconversationisquitedifferentfromthewaylanguageisusedinfiction，whichinturnisoftenverydifferentfromthegrammaticalcharacteristicsofnewspapersoracademicbooks.

Entirelycorpus-basedgrammarofEnglish

Over350tablesandgraphsshowingthefrequencyofconstructionsacrossdifferentregisters，fromconversationtofictiontoacademicprose

6，000authenticexamplesfromtheLongmanCorpusNetwork

BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishgrammarcompared

Newandchallengingfindings

RevealsthedifferencesbetweenspodenandwrittenEnglish.

PrefacebyHaliday
王宗炎序
导读
Foreword
Abbreviationsandsymbols
Preface
Contents5ndatail
Symbolsandnofationalconventions

SEchIONAIntrnductory
1Imbmductkm：acorpru-basedBpproachtoEngllshgrammar
1.1introduction
1.2StructureanduseinEnglishgrammar
1.3VarietinsofEnglid，
1.4RepresentationofvadetiesIntheLSWECorpus
1.5DescriptionoftheregistercategoriesintheLSWECorpus
1.6GrammaticalanalysisoftheLSWECorpus
1.70uantitativefindings5nthegrammar
1.8Eunctiona0interetationofquantitativefindings
1.9Overviewofthegrammar
1.10PorentialusersandusesoftheLGSWE

SECTIONBtasLEgrammar：Descriptionanddistribution
2Wordandphrasegrammar
2.1Thenatureofgrammaticalunits
2.2Wordsandtheircharacteristics
2.3Surveyof0exicalwords
2.4Surveyoffunctionwords
2.5Surveyofinserts
2.6Phrasesandtheircharacteristics
2.7Typesofphrase
2.8Embeddingofphrases
2.9Coordinationofphrades
2.10Simpilecomplexphrases

3Clausegrammar
3.1Clausev.non-clausaLmatedal
3.2Majotclauseelements
3.3ClauseLinKS
3.4PedpheraLelements
3.5Majorclausepatterns
3.6Variationsondausepa~ems
3.7Ellipsis
3.8Negation
3.9subiect-verbconcord
3.10Typesofdependentclauses
3.11Finitedependentclauses
3.12Non-finiteclauses
3.13Majortypesofindependentclauses
3.14Unembeddeddependentclauses
3.15Non-clausalmaterial

SECTIONCKeywordclassesandtheirphrases
4Noum，pronouns，andthesimplenounphrase
4.1Overviewofnominalsindiscourse
4.2Thebasicstructureofnoun.headedphrases
4.3Tvpesofnouns
4.4Daterminers
4.5Number
4.6Case
4.7Gender
4.8Nounfobmation
4.9ThOroleofpronounsindiscourse
4.10Persona0pronouns
4.11Possessivepronouns
4.12Reflexivepronouns
4.13Reciprocalpronouns
4.14Demonstrativepronouns
4.15indefinitepronouns
4.16Otherpronouns

5Verbs
5.1Majorverbfunctionsandclasses
5.2Single-wordiexica0verbs
5.3Multi-wordiexica0verbs
5.4Mainandauxiliaryfunctionsofprimaryverbs
5.5Copularverbs

6VariationIntheverbphrase：tense，aspect.voice，andmodality
6.1Structureandmeaningdistinctionsintheverbphrase
6.2Tonse
6.3Aspect
6.4Activeendpassivevoice
6.5Complexcombinationsofaspectandvoice
6.6Modalsandsemi，modals
6.7Combinationsofmode0verbswithmarkedaspectorvoice
6.8Sequencesofmodalsandsemi.modals

7Adjectivesandadveri
7.1Overview
7.2Definingcharacteristicsofadjectives
7.3Semanticgroupingofadjectives
7.4Attributiveadjectives
7.5Predicativeadjectives
7.6Adjectivesinothersyntacticroles
7.7Comparativeandsuperlativedecjr~
7.8Comparativeclausesandotherdegreecomplements
7.9Formationofadjectives
7.10Adjectivesincombination
7.11Overviewofadverbs
7.12Theformofadverbs
7.13Syntacticrolesofadverbs
7.14Semanticcategoriesofadverbs
7.15Discoursechoicesfordegreeadverbsasmodifiers

SECTIONDMorecomplexstructures
8Conplexnounphrses
8.1Overview
8.2Structuraltypasofpremodification
8.3Meaningrelationsexpressedbynoun十nounsequences
8.4NounphraseswithmultiplepremodItiers
8.5Restrictivevnon.restrictivepostmodifiers
8.6Majorstructuraltypesofpostmodification
8.7Postmodificationbyfiniterelativeclause
8.8Postmodificationbynon-finiteclause
8.9Postmodificationbyprepositionalphrase
8.10POstmodificationbyappositivenounphrase
8.11Nounphraseswithmultiplepostmodifiers
8.12Nouncomplementclausesv.nomina0postmodifiers
8.13Structuraltypesofnouncomplementclause
8.14Headnounstakingnouncomplementdauses

9Theformandfunctionofcomplementclauses
9.1Overview
9.2That-clauses
9.3Wh-clauses
9.4infinitireclauses
9.5Ing-clauses
9.6Ellipsisandpro-formsubstitutioninpost.predicatecomplementclauses
9.7Choiceofcomplementclausetype

10Adverbials
10.1Overview
10.2Circumstanceadverbials
10.3Stanceadverbials
10.4Linkingadverbials

SECTIONGrammarin0widerperspectiv
11Wordorderandrelatedsyntacticchoices
11.1overview
11.2WOrdorder
11.3Thepassive
11.4Existentialthere
11.5Dislocation
11.6Clefting
11.7Syntacticchoicesinconversationv.academicprose

12Thegrammatic00markingofstance
12.1Overview
12.2Majorgrammaticaldevicesusedtoexpressstance
13.3Majorsemanticdistindionsconveyedbystancemarkers
12.4Attributionofstantetothespeakerorwdter
12.5Registerdifferencesinthemarkingofstance

13Lexlcalexpressionsinspeechandwriting
13.1Overview
13.2Lexicalbundles
13.3idiomaticphrases
13.4Freecombinationsofverb十particle
13.5Coordinatedbinomia0phrases

14Thegrammarofconversation
14.1introduction
14.2Performancephenomena：dysfluencyanderror
14.3Theconstructionalprinciplesofspokengrammar
14.4Selectedtopicsinconve~tiona0grammar
Appendix
Endnotes
Bibliography
Lexicalindex
Conceptualindex
文库索引