chapter 1 introduction 1.1 linguistics 1.1.1 definition of linguistics 1.1.2 linguistics versus traditional grammar 1.1.3 use of studying linguistics 1.1.4 scope of linguistics 1.2 language 1.2.1 definition of language 1.2.2 origin of language 1.2.3 design features of language 1.2.4 functions of language 1.3 some major concepts in linguistics 1.3.1 descriptive and prescriptive grammars 1.3.2 synchronic and diachronic linguistics 1.3.3 langue and parole 1.3.4 petence and performance 1.3.5 syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 1.3.6 functionalism and formalism exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 2 the sounds of language 2.1 introduction 2.2 phoics 2.2.1 articulators and their functions 2.2.2 voiced and voiceless sounds 2.2.3 nasal and oral sounds 2.2.4 classification of english speech sounds 2.2.4.1 english consonants 2.2.4.2 english vowels 2.2.5 variations of sounds 2.2.5.1 liaison 2.2.5.2 elision and assimilation 2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonemes： the phonological units of language 2.3.2 minimal pairs and sets 2.3.3 free variation 2.3.4 distinctive features 2.3.5 syllables and consonant clusters 2.3.6 suprasemental features 2.3.6.1 stress 2.3.6.2 intonation exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 3 morphology 3.1 introduction 3.2 morphemes 3.2.1 free morphemes 3.2.2 bound morphemes 3.3 morphs and aiiomorphs 3.4 types of word formation 3.4.1 poun 3.4.2 derivation 3.4.3 other ways of word formation 3.4.3.1 conversion 3.4.3.2 backformation 3.4.3.3 clipping 3.4.3.4 blen 3.4.3.5 acronym 3.4.3.6 initialism exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 4 syntax 4.1 introduction 4.2 word classes 4.3 the prescriptive approach 4.4 the descriptive approach 4.4.1 structural analysis 4.4.2 immediate constituent analysis 4.5 constituent structure grammar 4.6 transformational grammar 4.7 systemic functional grammar exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 5 semantics 5.1 definition of semantics 5.2 approaches to meaning 5.2.1 meaning as naming 5.2.2 meaning as concept 5.2.3 meaning as behavior 5.2.4 meaning as context 5.2.5 meaning as truth conditions 5.3 word meaning 5.3.1 sense and reference 5.3.2 seven types of meaning 5.3.2.1 conceptual meaning 5.3.2.2 connotative meaning 5.3.2.3 so meaning 5.3.2.4 affective meaning 5.3.2.5 reflective meaning 5.3.2.6 collocative meaning 5.3.2.7 thematic meaning 5.3.3 semantic fields 5.3.4 ponential analysis 5.3.5 semantic relationshi between words 5.3.5.1 homonymy 5.3.5.2 polysemy 5.3.5.3 homophony 5.3.5.4 synonymy 5.3.5.5 antonymy 5.3.5.6 hyponymy 5.3.5.7 meronymy 5.4 sentence meaning 5.4.1 sentence and proition 5.4.2 semantic roles 5.4.3 semantic relationshi between sentences 5.4.3.1 entailment 5.4.3.2 presupition 5.4.3.3 synonymy 5.4.3.4 inconsistency 5.4.3.5 implicature exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 6 pragmatics 6.1 introduction 6.2 micropragmatics 6.2.1 reference 6.2.2 deis 6.2.3 anaphora 6.2.4 presupition 6.3 macropragmatics 6.3.1 speech act theory 6.3.1.1 illocutionary acts 6.3.1.2 classification of illocutionary acts 6.3.1.3 indirect speech acts 6.3.2 the cooperative principle 6.3.2.1 the cooperative principle and its mams 6.3.2.2 conversational implicatures 6.3.3 the politeness principle exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 7 discourse analysis 7.1 discourse and discourse analysis 7.2 information structure 7.2.1 given and new information 7.2.2 topic and ment 7.2.3 contrast 7.3 cohesion and coherence 7.3.1 cohesion 7.3.1.1 reference 7.3.1.2 substitution 7.3.1.3 elliis 7.3.1.4 conjunction 7.3.1.5 lecal cohesion 7.3.2 coherence 7.4 discourse markers 7.5 conversational analysis 7.5.1 adjacency pairs 7.5.2 preference structure 7.5.3 presequences 7.6 critical discourse analysis exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 8 sociolinguistics 8.1 introduction 8.2 language varieties 8.2.1 standard language 8.2.2 dialects 8.2.3 registers 8.2.4 pidgins and creoles 8.2.5 language planning 8.3 choosing a code 8.3.1 diglossia 8.3.2 bilingualism and multilingualism 8.3.3 code-switching 8.4 linguistic taboos and euphemisms 8.5 language and gender exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 9 ycholinguistics 9.1 introduction 9.2 language acquisition 9.3 language production 9.3.1 conceptualization 9.3.2 formulation 9.3.3 articulation 9.3.4 self-regulation 9.4 language prehension 9.4.1 sound prehension 9.4.2 word prehension 9.4.3 sentence prehension 9.4.4 text prehension 9.5 language and thought 9.5.1 language determines thought 9.5.2 thought determines language exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 10 cognitive linguistics 10.1 introduction 10.2 categorization and categories 10.2.1 the classical theory 10.2.2 prototype theory 10.2.3 levels of categorization 10.3 conceptual metaphor and metonymy 10.3.1 conceptual metaphor 10.3.2 conceptual metonymy 10.4 iconicity 10.4.1 iconicity of order 10.4.2 iconicity of distance 10.4.3 iconicity of plety 10.5 grammaticalization exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 11 language acquisition 11.1 first language acquisition 11.1.1 the behaviorist approach 11.1.2 the innateness approach 11.1.3 stages of acquiring the first language 11.2 second language acquisition 11.2.1 contrastive analysis 11.2.2 error analysis 11.2.3 interlanguage 11.3 individual differences in second language acquisition 11.3.1 language aptitude 11.3.2 cognitive style： field dependence and field independence 11.3.3 personality traits 11.3.4 learning strategies 11.4 instruction and l2 acquisition 11.4.1 form-focused instruction 11.4.2 learner-instruction matching 11.4.3 strategy training exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas chapter 12 applied linguistics 12.1 introduction 12.2 language teaching 12.2.1 the grammar-translation method 12.2.2 the direct method 12.2.3 the audiolingual method 12.2.4 situational language teaching 12.2.5 functional language teaching 12.2.6 municative language teaching 12.2.7 other approaches 12.3 testing 12.3.1 the main types of language tests 12.3.2 principles of language testing 12.4 summary exercises and discussion questions sources and suggestions for further rea supplementary reas glossary index
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