目录 Lista de siglas y símbolos ·················································································· 1 Introducción ··································································································· 1 Antecedentes ································································································ 4 Objetivos e hipótesis ······················································································· 5 Metodología ································································································· 6 Estructura de la tesis ······················································································· 7 Notas sobre las citas y las transcripciones en la lengua china ····································· 9 PARTE I LOS CONECTORES DEL ESPA?OL Y DEL CHINO 1. Los conectores del espa?ol: un grupo de marcadores del discurso ···················13 1.1 Los marcadores del discurso del espa?ol: defi nición, características y clasifi cación ····13 1.2 Principales enfoques en el estudio de los marcadores del discurso ·······················17 1.2.1 Enfoque textual ··················································································19 1.2.2 Enfoque pragmático-cognitivo ·································································20 1.2.3 Enfoque discursivo ··············································································24 1.2.4 La importancia de la gramática en el estudio de los marcadores del discurso ··············25 1.3 Los conectores del espa?ol ·······································································27 1.3.1 Denominación ···················································································28 1.3.2 Defi nición y características ·····································································29 1.3.3 Clasifi cación de los conectores: la inclusión de los causales ································37 1.3.4 Alcance de los conectores ······································································40 1.3.5 Delimitación del objeto de estudio ·····························································43 2. Los conectores del chino: un grupo por defi nir ··············································45 2.1 Los marcadores del discurso del chino: denominación, defi nición, características y clasifi cación ·························································································46 ·2· Estudio contrastivo de los conectores causales y consecutivos entre el espa?ol y el chino: una propuesta de aplicación didáctica 2.1.1 Propuesta de Liao Qiuzhong (1986) ···························································48 2.1.2 Propuesta de Feng Guangwu (2008) ··························································51 2.2 Enfoques principales en el estudio de los MD chinos ·······································54 2.2.1 Enfoque textual ··················································································55 2.2.2 Enfoque pragmático ············································································58 2.2.3 Aportaciones de la gramática tradicional ······················································63 2.3 Los conectores del chino ··········································································71 2.3.1 Denominación, defi nición y características ···················································72 2.3.2 Clasifi cación y alcance: Aplicación de la taxonomía de los conectores espa?oles ··········73 3. Comparación entre los conectores del espa?ol y del chino ······························76 3.1 Similitudes en las características fundamentales de los conectores ······················77 3.2 Diferencias morfosintácticas ·····································································81 3.3 Diferencias semántico-pragmáticas ····························································84 3.4 Diferencias en la explicitación y la implicitación de las relaciones argumentativas ··90 3.5 Recapitulación ······················································································95 PARTE II ESTUDIO DEL CORPUS Y ESTUDIO CONTRASTIVO 4. Análisis del uso de los conectores del espa?ol basado en el corpus de EEE-8 ·····99 4.1 Corpus y metodología ·············································································99 4.1.1 Presentación del EEE-8 y extracción de datos·················································99 4.1.2 Procesamiento de los datos ································································· 101 4.1.3 Criterios del marcaje de algunos conectores ················································ 103 4.2 Clasifi cación de los usos erróneos ···························································· 106 4.2.1 Error de elección ············································································· 106 4.2.2 Error de omisión ·············································································· 106 4.2.3 Error de puntuación ··········································································· 107 4.2.4 Error de sobreuso ············································································· 107 4.2.5 Error de forma ················································································· 108 4.2.6 Errores combinados ·········································································· 108 4.3 Análisis cuantitativo de los datos ····························································· 109 ·3· íNDICE 4.3.1 Distribución de los conectores usados ······················································ 109 4.3.2 Distribución de los errores ··································································· 112 4.4 Análisis cualitativo ··············································································· 113 4.4.1 Evaluación de los usos ······································································· 113 4.4.2 Análisis de los distintos tipos de error ······················································· 115 4.5 Recapitulación ···················································································· 122 5. Studio contrastivo de los conectores causales y consecutivos del espa?ol y del chino ································································································ 124 5.1 Aspectos morfosintácticos ······································································ 125 5.1.1 Categorías gramaticales ······································································ 125 5.1.2 Posición sintáctica y movilidad distribucional··············································· 129 5.1.3 Características entonativas ··································································· 132 5.1.4 ámbitos de funcionamiento ································································· 135 5.1.5 Correlaciones y combinciones en el ámbito oracional ····································· 139 5.1.6 Distintos grados de gramaticalización ······················································ 143 5.2 Aspectos semántico-pragmáticos ····························································· 148 5.2.1 Instrucciones argumentativas: distintos tipos de relaciones causal-consecutivas ········ 149 5.2.2 Instrucciones argumentativas: valoración personal sobre el hecho descrito ·············· 196 5.2.3 Instrucciones informativas: restricciones del tópico ········································ 201 5.2.4 Instrucciones informativas: índole de la información ······································· 204 5.3 Aspectos discursivos ············································································ 211 5.3.1 Los conectores con función metadiscursiva ················································ 211 5.3.2 Características del registro de los conectores causales y consecutivos ··················· 213 5.4 La implicitación en la expresión de las relaciones causal-consecutivas ··············· 216 5.4.1 La implicitación en la expresión de las relaciones causal-consecutivas en el nivel oracional ·············································································· 218 5.4.2 La implicitación en la expresión de las relaciones causal-consecutivas en el nivel discursivo ············································································· 227 5.4.3 Resumen del uso de los conectores en la expresión de las relaciones causalconsecutivas del chino y del espa?ol ························································ 230 ·4· Estudio contrastivo de los conectores causales y consecutivos entre el espa?ol y el chino: una propuesta de aplicación didáctica 5.4.4 Otros procedimientos en espa?ol para expresar las relaciones causalconsecutivas en el nivel oracional···························································· 232 5.5 Recapitulación ···················································································· 235 PARTE III APLICACIóN DIDáCTICA 6. Didáctica de los conectores causales y consecutivos del espa?ol para estudiantes sinohablantes ········································································· 249 6.1 Didáctica de los conectores según el MCER y el PCIC ·············
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