无线传感器网络同步技术

无线传感器网络在民用与军用设备中有着广泛的应用。微传感器以无线互联的形式完成高度分散系统中的感应、计算、通信以及控制等工作。塞佩丁编著的《无线传感器网络同步技术（影印版）》介绍了无线传感器网络部署中的一项最关键的技术：同步技术。《无线传感器网络同步技术》概述了无线传感器网络中的时钟同步协议，着重讲解了导出高效时钟补偿评估方法以及运行评估指标等技术手段。《无线传感器网络同步技术（影印版）》适合电子信息专业、计算机专业的高年级本科生、研究生以及相关研究人员阅读。

PREFACEpageXI
1INTRODUCTIONpage1
1.1WirelessSensorNetworks1
1.2TimeSynchronization2
1.3ImportanceofTimeSynchronization3
1.4HistoryofClockSynchronization4
1.5Outline6

2SIGNALMODELSFORTIMESYNCHRONIZATIONpagelO
2.1DefinitionofClocklo
2.2DesignConsiderations11
2.3DelayComponentsinTimingMessageDelivery13

3TIMESYNCHRONIZATIONPROTOCOLSpage15
3.1PairwiseSynchronization-16
3.1.1Timing-SyncProtocolforSensorNetworks（TPSN）16
3.1.2Tiny-SyncandMini-Sync8
3.1.3ReferenceBroadcastSynchronization（RBS）19
3.1.4FloodingTimeSynchronizationProtocol（FTSP）21
3.2Network-WideSynchronization21
3.2.1ExtensionofTPSN22
3.2.2LightweightTimeSynchronization（LTS）22
3.2.3ExtensionofRBS23
3.2.4ExtensionofFTSP23
3.2.5PairwiseBroadcastSynchronization（PBS）24
3.2.6TimeDiffusionProtocol（TDP）24
3.2.7SynchronousandAsynchronousDiffusionAlgorithms26
3.2.8ProtocolsBasedonPulseTransmissions-27
3.3AdaptiveTimeSynchronization28
3.3.1Rate-AdaptiveTimeSynchronization（RATS）28
3.3.2RBS-basedAdaptiveClockSynchronization29
3.3.3AdaptiveMulti-HopTimeSynchronization（AMTS）30

4FUNDAMENTALAPPROACHESTOTIMESYNCHRONIZATIONpage32
4.1Sender-ReceiverSynchronization（SRS）33
4.2Receiver-OnlySynchronization（ROS）36
4.3Receiver-ReceiverSynchronization（RRS）39
4.4COmparisons41

5MINIMUMVARIANCEUNBIASEDESTIMATION（MVUE）OFCLOCKOFFSETpage42
5.1TheSystemArchitecture-43
5.2BestLinearUnbiasedEstimationUsingOrderStatistics（BLUE-OS）45
5.2.1SymmetricLinkDelays47
5.2.2AsymmetricLinkDelays-48
5.3MinimumVarianceUnbiasedEstimation（MVUE）51
5.3.1AsymmetricLinkDelays5
5.3.2SymmetricLinkDelays55
5.4ExplanatoryRemarks57

6CLOCKOFFSETANDSKEWESTIMATIONpage62
6.1GaussianDelayModel63
6.1.1MaximumLikelihood（ML）ClockOffsetEstimation-63
6.1.2Cramer-RaoLowerBound（CRLB）forClockOffset64
6.1.3JointMaximumLikelihoodEstimation（JMLE）ofClockOffsetandSkew64
6.1.4Cramer-RaoLowerBound（CRLB）forClockOffsetandSkew67
6.2ExponentialDelayModel.69
6.2.1Cramer-RaoLowerBound（CRLB）forClockOffset-70
6.2.2JointMaximumLikelihoodEstimation（JMLE）ofClockOffsetandSkew73

7COMPUTATIONALLYSIMPLIFIEDScHEMEsFORESTIMATIONOFCLOCKOFFSETANDSKEWpage90
7.1UsingtheFirstandtheLastDataSample91
7.1.1GaussianDelayModel91
7.1.2ExponentialDelayModel92
7.1.3CombinationofClockOffsetandSkewEstimation95
7.1.4SimulationResults96
7.2FittingtheLineBetweenTwoPointsatMinimumDistanceApart99
7.2.ISimulationResultslol
7.2.2ComputationalComplexityComparisonlo2

8PAIRWISEBROADCASTSYNCHRONIZATION（PBS）-pagelo4
8.1SynchronizationforSingle-ClusterNetworkslo5
8.2ComparisonsandAnalysislo5
8.3SynchronizationforMulti-ClusterNetworks-lo7
8.3.1Network-WidePairSelectionAlgorithm（NPA）lO8
8.3.2Group-WisePairSelectionAlgorithm（GPA）-1io
8.4ComparisonsandAnalysis114

9ENERGY-EFFICIENTESTIMATIONOFCLOCKOFFSETFORINACTIVENODESpage118
9.1ProblemFormulation119
9.2MaximumLikelihoodEstimation（MLE）121
9.3Cramer-RaoLowerBound（CRLB）132
9.3.1CRLBfortheClockOffsetofInactiveNodeq133
9.3.2CRLBfortheClockOffsetofActiveNodet'137
9.4SimulationResults138

10SOMEIMPROVEDANDGENERALIZEDESTIMATIONSCHEMESFORCLOCKSYNCHRONIZATIONOFINACTIVENODESpage14o
10.1AsymmetricExponentialLinkDelays141
10.1.1BestLinearUnbiasedEstimationUsingOrderStatistics（BLUE-OS）142
10.1.2MinimumVarianceUnbiasedEstimation（MVUE）145
10.1.3MinimumMeanSquareError（MMSE）Estimation149
10.2SymmetricExponentialLinkDelays-151
10.2.1BestLinearUnbiasedEstimationUsingOrderStatistics（BLUE-OS）15I
10.2.2MinimumVarianceUnbiasedEstimation（MVUE）153
10.2.3MinimumMeanSquareError（MMSE）Estimation155

11ADAPTIVEMULTI=HOPTIMESYNCHRONIZATION（AMTS）pageI57
11.1MainIdeas-158
11.2LevelDiscoveryPhase159
11.3SynchronizationPhase159
11.4NetworkEvaluationPhase16o
11.4.1SynchronizationModeSelection16o
11.4.2DeterminationofSynchronizationPeriod162
11.4.3DeterminationoftheNumberofBeacons164
11.4.4SequentialMulti-HopSynchronizationAlgorithm（SMA）164
11.5SimulationResults-167

12CLOCKDRIFTESTIMATIONFORACHIEVINGLONG-TERMSYNCHRONIZATION-page169
12.1ProblemFormulation17o
12.2TheEstimationProcedure271

13JOINTSYNCHRONIZATIONOFCLOCKOFFSETANDSKEWINaRECEIVER-REcEIVERPROTOCOLpage177
13.1ModelingAssumptions177
13.2JointMaximumLikelihoodEstimation（JMLE）oftheOffsetandSkew178
13.3ApplicationoftheGibbsSampler179
13.4PerformanceBoundsandSimulations181

14ROBUSTESTIMATIONOFCLOCKOFFSETpage185
14.1ProblemModelingandObjectives-187
14.2GaussianMixtureKalmanParticleFilter（GMKPF）189
14.3TestingthePerformanceofGMKPF-192
14.4CompositeParticleFiltering（CPF）withBootstrapSampling（BS）196
14.5TestingthePerformanceofCPFandCPFwithBS204
15CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREDIRECTIONSpage211
ACRONYMSpage214
REFERENCESpage218
INDEXpage227