从零废弃到闭环物料——通往循环经济之路（From Zero Waste to Material Closed Loop: The Way Towards Circular Economy）

本书是《从零废弃到闭环物料——通往循环经济之路》的英文版，共分14章，从废弃物的来源、形态、种类开始，介绍了其管理、转化和处理处置技术，在此基础上引入了“零废弃”的理论与实践，并进一步介绍了与零废弃相关的绿色设计、逆向物流和闭环物料。通过不同行业面临的零废弃机遇和挑战，阐述了循环经济这一重要发展概念，并从3个层面讨论了循环经济的标准与认证。最后从哲学与环境伦理学的角度对零废弃做了简单解读。书后附有美国、欧洲及中国颁布的废弃物相关标准列表，供读者参考。本书内容丰富，涉及了零废弃的方方面面，语言流畅易懂，理论与实践并重。可供与清洁生产、循环经济相关企事业单位中从事环境管理工作的专业人员参考，也可供高等学校环境类、生态类专业师生参阅。

杨剑明，作为环境项目经理和环境科学家，先后供职于世界500强不同行业企业，从事环境管理和环境科学研究相关工作，同时具有重大工程建设项目经验。于华东理工大学获得环境工程学士学位、于法国国立米卢斯高等化学学院获得环境与安全工程硕士学位、于法国上阿尔萨斯大学风险与环境管理实验室获得环境化学博士学位。目前受聘于华东理工大学资源与环境工程学院作为工程硕士企业导师，并为该院硕士研究生教授相关专业课程。学术兼职包括全国电工电子产品与系统的环境标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC297）委员和中国环境诱变剂学会毒性测试与替代方法专业委员会委员等。

1 A Brief History onWaste  1

2 Waste Morphology and Types 5

2.1 Off-Gas  5

2.2 Effluent  7

2.3 Rubbish  8

3 Thermodynamic Principle for Waste 9

4 Mass Balance and Unorganized Emission 13

4.1 Mass Balance 13

4.2 Unorganized Discharge 16

5 Waste Management 19

5.1 International Conventions 19

5.2 International Standards  21

5.2.1 ISO  22

5.2.2 IEC  22

5.2.3 ITU  23

5.3 National Laws and International Organization Laws  23

5.3.1 The United States 23

5.3.2 The European Union  24

5.3.3 China 24

5.4 National Standards and International Organization Standards  26

5.4.1 The United States 26

5.4.2 The European Union  27

5.4.3 China 28

5.5 Industry Standards and Local Standards  28

6 Waste Diversion  31

6.1 Diversion Strategy  31

6.2 DiversionMethod  32

6.2.1 Landfill 32

6.2.2 Incineration  35

6.2.3 Elimination  37

6.2.4 Reuse 38

6.2.5 Reduction  39

6.2.6 Recycling  39

6.2.7 Aerobic Composting  41

6.2.8 Anaerobic Digestion  42

6.2.9 Biofuel 43

6.2.10 Repairing  43

6.2.11 Refurbishment 45

6.2.12 Remanufacturing 46

6.2.13 Conclusion  47

7 Waste Treatment and Disposal Technology  49

7.1 ChemicalWaste 49

7.1.1 Inorganic Waste Compounds 50

7.1.2 Organic Waste Compounds 54

7.2 ConstructionWaste  58

7.2.1 Management of Construction Waste 58

7.2.2 Sources of Construction Waste  59

7.2.3 Common Disposal Methods of Recyclable Materials  61

7.2.4 Regulations and Examples of Construction Waste Recycling in Various Countries  63

7.3 ElectronicWaste 67

7.3.1 The Hazardous Substances in E-Waste 67

7.3.2 Treatment Technology of E-Waste 69

7.4 MedicalWaste 75

7.4.1 Types and Hazards of Medical Waste 75

7.4.2 Methods of Treatment and Disposal of Medical Waste 77

7.5 KitchenWaste 78

7.5.1 Sources and Types of Kitchen Waste 78

7.5.2 Oil and Water Separation 81

7.5.3 WasteWater Treatment 82

7.5.4 Off-Gas Treatment 82

7.5.5 Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery 83

7.6 LaboratoryWaste  84

7.6.1 Laboratory Off-Gas  84

7.6.2 Laboratory Waste Water  86

7.6.3 Laboratory Solid Waste 87

7.7 SecondaryWaste 89

7.7.1 Sources and Characteristics of Secondary Waste 89

7.7.2 Municipal Sludge 90

8 Zero Waste Theory and Practice 103

8.1 Chemical Industry  103

8.1.1 Green Chemistry 103

8.1.2 Treatment Process Selection 105

8.2 Machinery Industry  107

8.2.1 Industry Characteristics 107

8.2.2 Corresponding Measures  108

8.3 Automotive Industry  109

8.3.1 Source of Generation  110

8.3.2 Zero Waste Opportunities 112

8.4 Consumer Electronic Industry  115

8.4.1 Industry Characteristics 115

8.4.2 Sources and Streams  116

8.4.3 Stream Analysis 117

8.4.4 ZeroWaste Practices  121

8.5 Retail Industry 123

8.5.1 Industry Characteristics 124

8.5.2 ZeroWaste Practices  128

8.6 Grand Event  133

8.6.1 Characteristics of Grand Events and Their Waste Management 133

8.6.2 Organizational Operations and Zero Waste  135

8.6.3 Zero Waste Requirements at Different Stages 138

8.6.4 ZeroWaste Case Studies  139

8.7 Property and City  143

8.7.1 Unit Property  144

8.7.2 Comprehensive Properties 145

8.7.3 Zero Waste Cities (Waste-Free Cities) 150

8.7.4 Nation-Wide ZeroWaste  156

9 Zero Waste and Eco-Design  159

9.1 Eco-Design System  159

9.2 Design for Disassembly 160

9.2.1 Dismantlable Design Definition  160

9.2.2 Dismantlable Design Criteria 160

9.2.3 Dismantlable Design Evaluation  162

9.3 Design for Recycling 163

9.3.1 Process and Principle of Material Selection  164

9.3.2 Basic Requirements for Selection of Recyclable Materials  165

9.3.3 General Methods for Selection of Recyclable Materials  165

9.3.4 Calculation Method of Recyclability Rate  166

9.4 Design for Maintenance/Repairing 167

9.4.1 Several Definitions of Repairing  167

9.4.2 Considerations in the Process of Repairable Design  167

9.5 Design for Remanufacturing  169

9.5.1 From A to A 169

9.5.2 From A to B 170

9.5.3 Calculation of Remanufacturing Rate 172

9.6 Conclusion 173

10 Reverse Logistics 175

10.1 Definition and Category 175

10.2 Waste Logistics 176

10.3 Logistics Cost 178

10.3.1 Cost Composition 178

10.3.2 Costing 179

10.3.3 Cost Analysis  179

10.3.4 CostManagement 182

10.4 Drive and Development 183

11 Material Closed Loop 185

11.1 Recycling and Closed Loop 185

11.2 Regulatory Supervision 188

11.3 Material Identification  191

11.3.1 Identification Procedures  191

11.3.2 Technical Regulation  193

11.3.3 Identification Standard  195

11.4 Economic Benefit and Environmental Benefit 196

11.5 ZeroWaste, Carbon Neutral  198

12 On Circular Economy 201

12.1 Background and Support 201

12.2 Development Concept  203

12.3 Legal Difference 204

12.4 InnovationModel  206

12.4.1 Commercial Leasing  206

12.4.2 Sharing Economy 207

12.4.3 Cloud Technology 210

12.4.4 Blockchain Technology 212

13 Circular Economy Standard and Certification 215

13.1 Product Circularity  215

13.2 Facility Circularity  221

13.3 Corporate Circularity 222

14 Zero Waste Philosophy and Environmental Ethics 227

14.1 ZeroWaste Philosophy  227

14.1.1 Taoism 228

14.1.2 Confucianism  229

14.1.3 Marxist Philosophy  229

14.2 Environmental Ethics 230

14.2.1 Environmental Ethics Principles  231

14.2.2 The Content of Environmental Ethics 232

14.2.3 Environmental Ethics and Environmental Legal System 233

14.2.4 Case Studies 233

14.3 The Future of Humankind 237

Appendix  239

Epilogue   259