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GLACIERS AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTS IN CHINA
However,duetolanguagedifferencebetweenChinaandthewesterncountries,theprogressofglaciologyinChina,ofwhichmostaccountshavebeenpublishedinChinese,isdifficultforwesternscientiststoappreciate.Therefore,wedecidedtopublishanEnglisheditionbasedonGlaciersandTheirEnvironmentsinChina——thePresent,PastandFuture(inChinese),asyouseehere,namedGlaciersandRelatedEnvironmentsinChina,whichinfactisanoptimizedversion,withnewresearchdatatill2005andarevisedstructure.Itisourhope,throughpublishingthismonograph,toenableforeignscientiststounderstandsystematicallythecurrentsituationandhistoricalprogressofglacierresearchandotherrelevantenvironmentalstudieswithintheChineseterritory,soastopromotemorecooperationwithforeignglaciologists,whoalsosharethewishtodevelopfurtherthefieldandtofaceeffectivelythewidespreadconcernsasglobalwarming,watercyclechanges,glaciershrinkinganddeterioratingenvironments.
FOREWORDⅠFOREWORDⅡPREFACECHAPTER1INTRODUCTION1.1CLACIERS,CRYOSPHEREANDGLACIOLOGY1.2DEVELOPMENTOFGLACIOLOGYINCHINA1.2.1PreliminaryDevelopmentduring1958-19771.2.2RelativelySteadyDevelopmentofGlaciologicalResearchsince19781.3SOCIALSIC-NIFICANCEOFGLACIOLOGICALRESEARCH1.3.1ApplicationstoStudiesofWaterandTourismResourcesandTheirRationalUtilization1.3.2EffectiveMitigationofGlacierandSnow-InducedDisasters1.3.3ValuableInformationSourcesofClimateandEnvironment1.3.4InspiringFutureGenerationsREFERENCESCHAPTER2GLACIERSANDTHEIRDISTRIBUTIONINCHINA2.1CONDITIONSFORGILACIERDEVELOPMENT2.1.1MountainsandGlacierDevelopmentinWestChina2.1.2ClimaticConditionsofGlacierDevelopment2.2MAINRESULTSOFTHEGLACIERINVENTORYOFCHINA2.2.1TheGlacierInventoryofChina2.2.2GlacierVolume2.2.3DistributionofGlaciersbyProvince(Region)2.2.4DistributionofGlaciersbyMountainSystem2.2.5DistributionofGlaciersbySlopeOrientation2.2.6DistributionofGlaciersbyWaterI)rainageSystem2.3GLACIERTYPESANDTHEIRREGIONALDISTRIBUTION2.3.1C1ass;float;oninTermsofGeophysicalProperties2.3.2Classil.icationinTermsofMorphologyandDistributionCharacteristicsofMorphologicalTypes2.3.3RelationbetweenGlacierMorphologicalTypeandGlacierSize2.4SNOWLINEAI,TITUDEANDITSSPATIALDISTRIBUTION2.4.1MethodtoDeterminetheSnowLineAltitude2.4.2SpatialDistributionoftheSnowLineAltitudeandItsDependentFactors2.4.3AccumulationAreaRatioofGlaciersandtheFactorsonWhichItDepends2.5GLACIERSLOCATEDINSOMEREPRESENTATIVEREGIONSANDTHEIRFEATURES2.5.1TheAltayMountains2.5.2TheTianshanMountains2.5.3TheQilianMountains2.5.4ThePamirs2.5.5TheKarakorumMountains2.5.6TheKunlunMountains2.5.7TheQangtangPlateau,EspeciallythePurogKangriIceField2.5.8TheEastSectionoftheNyainqentanglhaRange2.5.9TheMountGonggaandMountYulongoftheHengduanMountains"2.5.10TheMiddleSectionoftheHimalayasREFERENCESCHAPTER3PHYSICSOFGLACIERS3.1DISTRIBUTIONOFTEMPERATUREINGLACIERS3.1.1Introduction3.1.2HeatTransferintheNearSurfaceLayer3.1.3HeatConductionattheGlacierBase3.1.4HeatTransferwithinaGlacier3.1.5Two-DimensionalTemperatureDistribution3.1.6TemperateGlaciers3.1.7TypesofGlacierTemperatureDistribution3.2ICEFORMATION3.2.1TheTransformationofSnowtoIce3.2.2GlacialZonation3.2.3GlacialZonesintheMainGlacierizedAreas3.3ICETEXTURES3.3.1TheHistory3.3.2CrystalSize3.3.3cAxisOrientation3.3.4TheFeaturesofIceTexturesinChina3.4MECHANISMSOFGLACIERMOTION3.4.1ABriefView3.4.2DeformationofIce3.4.3BasalSlidingandDeformationoftheBed3.4.4HydraulicEffectsattheGlacierBed3.4.5ASummaryofMotionMechanismsofGlaciersinChinaREFERENCESCHAPTER4MASSANDENERGYBALANCEOFGLACIERS4.1FUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSANDMEASUREMENTMETHODSOFMASSBALANCE4.1.1FundamentalConcepts4.1.2SignificanceofMassBalanceStudy4.1.3MethodsofMeasurementandCalculation4.2MASSBALANCEMEASUREMENTSINCHINA4.2.1CurrentSituationofMassBalanceMeasurements4.2.2ThePrimaryMeasuredResults4.3CHARACTERISTICSOFMASSBALANCEOFGLACIERSINCHINA4.3.1TemporalProcessesandtheCharacteristicsofMassBalance4.3.2RelationsbetweenMassBalance,ELAandMeteorologicalVariables4.4METHODSOFMASSBALANCEESTIMATION4.4.1ForASingleGlacier4.4.2ForaDrainageBasin4.5CHARACTERISTICSOFENERGYBALANCEOFGLACIERS4.5.1TheHeatComponentsforGlacierDevelopment4.5.2SpecialClimateFactorsonGlaciers4.5.3FeaturesofHeatBalanceataGlacierSurface4.6CASESTUDIESOFHEATBALANCE4.6.1IntheGlacierU-14.6.2IntheDongkemadiGlacier4.6.3IntheChongceIceCap4.7STUDIESBYMODELING4.7.1GlacierStateModel4.7.2GlacierProcessModelREFERENCESCHAPTER5SNOWANDICECHEMISTRYANDITSENVIRONMENTALSIGNIFICANCE5.1WHATISSNOWANDICECHEMISTRY?5.1.1ThePrincipalAspectsofSnowandIceChemistryandApproachestoResearch5.1.2AnOverviewofDevelopingTrendsintheStudyofSnowandIceChemistry5.2THEMAJORANIONSANDCATIONSINSNOWANDICEANDTHEIRENVIRONMENTALSIGNIFICANCE5.2.1TheSignificantDifferenceoftheAtmosphericEnvironmentintheSouthandNorthPartsoftheTibetanPlateau5.2.2TheEnvironmentalSignificancesofVariousChemicalIons5.2.3ComparisonwithSnowandIceChemistryinPolarRegions5.3THEINSOLUBLEMICROPARTICLESINSNOWANDICE5.3.1TheClimaticandEnvironmentalSignificancesoftheInsolubleMicroparticlesinIceCores5.3.2TheDistributionCharacteristicsofInsolubleMicroparticlesinShallowIceCoresontheTibetanPlateau5.3.3AtmosphericProcessesInfluencingtheDustinGlaciersbeforeDeposition5.4STABLEOXYGENISOTOPESINSNOWANDICEANDTHEIRCLIMATICSIGNIFICANCE5.4.1Relationshipbetweenδ18OandTemperatureinObservationsthroughtheYear5.4.2SeasonalVariationsofδ18OValuesofPrecipitationontheTibetanPlateau5.4.3SpatialVariationsofδ18OValuesofPrecipitationontheTibetanPlateau5.5MECHANISMOFICECORERECORDFORMATION5.5.1Air-SnowExchangeProcesses5.5.2ThePost-DepositionProcessElutionofIonsinSnowandIce5.6ORGANICMATTERANDMICROBESINSNOWANDICE5.6.1PreliminaryResearchonOrganicAcidsinSnowandIce5.6.2TheMicro-organismsinSnowandIce5.6.3TheClimaticandEnvironmentalImplicationsofOrganicMatterinSnowandIceREFERENCESCHAPTER6SNOWCOVERDISTRIBUTION,VARIABILITY,ANDRESPONSETOCLIMATECHANGEINCHINA6.1ENVIRONMENTALSIGNIFICANCEANDMONITORINGOFSNOWCOVER6.1.1SnowCoverandItsEnvironmentalImpacts6.1.2SnowCoverMonitoring6.2DISTRIBUTIONOFSNOWCOVER6.2.1DistributionofAnnualNumberofSnowCoverDaysandSnowCoverClasses6.2.2SpatialPatternofSnowDepthDistribution6.2.3AnnualCycleofSnowCover6.3INTERANNUALVARIABILITYOFSNOWCOVER6.3.1BriefReviewofCurrentKnowledgeandGapsofGlobalSnowCoverVariabilityCHAPTER7GLACLALRUNOFFANDITSMODELINGCHAPTER8SNOWANDICEHAZARDSANDTHEIRCONTROLMEASURESCHAPTER9CLIMATEANDENVIRONMENTCHANGESDERIVEDFROMICECORERECORDSCHAPTER10QUATERNARYGLACLATIONSGLACIALANDINTERGLACIALCYCLESANDENVIRONMENTALCHANGESCHAPTER11IMPACTOFGLOBALWARMINGONGLACIERSANDRELATEDWATERRESOURCESINCHINAINDEXPLATESPHOTOGRAPHS
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