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Contents：
Number 7 Original Articles: Ræd（715）Bryan Carella and László Sándor Chardonnens Notes on Contributors（719） Anglo-Saxonists, Æthelred II and a Rolling Millennium—1978–2014, and Beyond（721）Ryan Lavelle Apocalypse and Atonement in the Politics of Æthelredian England（733）Levi Roach 【Abstract：This paper discusses contemporary responses to the events of the reign of King Æthelred II (“the Unready”) of England (978–1016). It focuses on two particularly well-evidenced interpretations of the tribulations of the age: the penitential view of these as divine punishment, which might be lifted by an appropriate form of atonement; and the apocalyptic view of them as signs of the approaching Last Judgement and end of time. These have traditionally been treated as distinct and mutually exclusive lines of interpretation; however, it is argued here that they were, in fact, intimately related. On this basis, it is suggested that a closer connection existed between penitential and eschatological thought in the early and central Middle Ages than has hitherto been appreciated.】 Fear-Mongering, Political Shrewdness or Setting the Stage for a “Holy Society”?—Wulfstan's Sermo Lupi ad Anglos（758）Andreas Lemke 【Abstract：The complex manuscript transmission of the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos by Archbishop Wulfstan of York has both troubled and fascinated Anglo-Saxonists, due on the one hand to Wulfstan's position as religious leader of the English and, on the other to his role as political whistle blower on the eve of the Danish Conquest of 1016. This essay argues that the long version of the Sermo Lupi as represented in London, British Library, Cotton Nero A. i—a manuscript that apparently contains annotations in Wulfstan's own hand—stands out for its hybrid nature. It is both an eschatological homily and a politically charged address, displaying two interconnected layers of thought. These layers show that Wulfstan was mindful of the fragile political situation of 1014: with Æthelred in exile and the Danes on English soil, the Sermo was probably designed to stir English hope and resistance and to provide an explanation for the contemporary situation. At the same time, it shows an element of consolation for the English and reveals a mindset that made the Danish conquest acceptable to them, at least in retrospect. Wulfstan envisaged yet another amalgamation of a Christian people and pagan invaders, just as the Germanic tribes who had settled in England in the fifth century had been Christianized and later amalgamated with the Scandinavian intruders of Alfred's days to form a Christian society. The Sermo Lupi confirms the English as a “chosen people”, similar to the Hebrews, by means of Old Testament rhetoric. The essence of the message is that they should not despair because God would not forsake them even if Danish rule were established. This mindset smoothed the transition to an Anglo-Scandinavian society and probably contributed to the prosperous reign of the Danish King Cnut. This claim is underscored by the Cotton manuscript. It appears to be a handbook, which Wulfstan may have had compiled in his desire to reform the nation and build a “holy society” pleasing to God.】 Trial by History's Jury: Examining II Æthelred's Legislative and Literary Legacy, AD 993–1006（777）M. R. Rambaran-Olm 【Abstract：The sometimes unfortunate decisions made by King Æthelred II during his reign have cast him in an unsavory light, so much so that his various accomplishments have been overlooked. The negative anecdotes and unflattering legends chronicled about him after his death by medieval historians such as William of Malmesbury have left a lasting negative impression. Although detailing Æthelred's failings is a familiar subject, he installed a number of important judicial laws and ecclesiastical charters that proved beneficial to the country during and after his reign. Æthelred's legal implementations might not offer enough support to repair his reputation from the poor position it holds in the eyes of history's critics; however, some of his legislative decisions deserve critical attention and commendation. This paper examines the extent to which the medieval justice system was shaped by Æthelred's judicial policies. Additionally, this paper reconsiders the legislative decisions in the third quarter of Æthelred's reign which contributed to thriving ecclesiastical, and by association artistic, communities. Perhaps it is easier to focus on Æthelred's failures because there seems to be no shortage of them; however, the persistent focus on his shortcomings misrepresents him and deprives us of gaining a more accurate image of his character. Despite the continued Viking attacks from AD 993 to 1006, Anglo-Saxon England maintained a generally stable period of governance that contributed to a flourish of literature, liturgical texts, manuscripts and art. Therefore, this paper focuses on the rule of Æthelred II during the final decade of the 10th- century until 1006 in order to shed light on a relatively successful period in which implementation of specific legislative and ecclesiastical policies proved beneficial for Anglo-Saxon England and its future.】 Ælfric's Rhythmical Prose and the Study of Old English Metre（803）Rafael J. Pascual 【Abstract：A decade ago, Thomas A. Bredehoft designed a new theory of Old English metre that classified Ælfric of Eynsham's rhythmical-alliterative texts as verse. The present article submits Bredehoft's metrical theory to critical scrutiny by means of three case studies. The first deals with Bredehoft's case for simplicity in metrical argumentation; the second assesses the theoretical validity of Bredehoft's exclusively syllabic substitute for the traditional four-position principle; and the third focuses on Bredehoft's metrical system for late Old English metre and its application to Ælfric's rhythmical-alliterative texts. These three case studies demonstrate that Bredehoft's theory is empirically insufficient, since it is unable to account for significant distributional patterns that occur in the surviving manuscripts. Bredehoft's claim about Ælfric's rhythmical texts is therefore devoid of meaning, since it is predicated on the untenable principles of his metrical theory. The essay concludes by characterizing Ælfric's rhythmical-alliterative style as a particular manner of prose composition informed by the didactic temper that obtained during Æthelred's reign.】
Number 8 Original Articles: Old English Mægen: A Note on the Relationship Between Exodus and Daniel in MS Junius 11（825）Carl Kears 【Abstract：This article engages with the Anglo-Saxon word mægen in order to demonstrate that the Old English Daniel displays a possible working knowledge or memory of the Old English Exodus, the poem preceding it in the Junius 11 manuscript. One of the most daring detours made from the biblical book by the poetic Daniel is that it picks up from where the poetic Exodus left off: the Israelites move seamlessly from one poem into the next. More intriguingly, the beginning of Daniel plays on the Old English word mægen—a multivalent term used alone and in compounds more frequently and inventively in Exodus than in any other Old English poem. In Daniel, this word is utilised as part of a summarising history of Moses and his people. The word-focused analysis in this article will shed new light on the possibility that Daniel and Exodus are in conversation with one another across the manuscript, and with the notion that Daniel may have undergone reformulation at some stage on the journey that brought it to Junius 11, so that it became a more fitting continuation of the astounding representation of salvation portrayed in Exodus.】 Numerological and Structural Symbolism in the Auchinleck Stanzaic Guy of Warwick（849）Ken Eckert 【Abstract：Although numerical symbolism has been recognized as a rich and sophisticated poetic system in the “high” literature of the middle ages, such as Pearl and The Divine Comedy, its use in the Middle English romances is usually misrecognized as evincing formulaic or sub-standard writing. Yet numbers are used in the romances to subtly underscore or evoke deeper meanings, typically binary twos, triplets or other philosophically or theologically meaningful numbers such as five, seven, fifteen or forty. The Auchinleck Stanzaic Guy of Warwick (c. 1330) emphasizes the number three in its tripartite battle sequence and manuscript formatting, and equally uses seven and fifteen as a leitmotif to underscore significant events of trial or joy. Although Guy is meant to suggest the pattern of Christ and not serve as a literary representation, such number patterns are not random or metrical tags but thematically reinforce the poem's homiletic aims.】 The Honour of Chivalrie (1598): The Englishing of the Castilian Chivalric Romance Don Belianís de Grecia（860）María J. Sánchez de Nieva 【Abstract：The period of Elizabethan England saw the rise of a new reading public: the new rich merchant or landowner. English translators met the demand of the times and wrote not for the learned alone, but for the less scholarly community. One of the literary genres traditionally related to this new emerging middle class was romance, more specifically, the chivalric romance. Late medieval Iberian romances were rendered into English from French or Italian and made available to a growing reading audience. In the task of translating foreign works into English, Elizabethan translators focused on the elocutio of the source text, adding or cutting words and figures with the aim of “Englishing” or naturalizing the source text to fit the taste of the reading audience. A clear example of this translation strategy is The Honour of Chivalrie (1598), the anonymous English rendering of Jerónimo Fernández's Don Belianís de Grecia (1547). Hence, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, I will provide a brief overview of the Castilian romance and describe its different European versions; and, second, I will provide a detailed analysis of the translator's most prevalent translational choices, such as amplifications, additions, omissions, alterations and explanations, all of which show the Elizabethan practice of adapting cultural and linguistic aspects of the source text to contemporary audiences.】 The Last Woman in Wordsworth's Excursion（878）James Mulvihill 【Abstract：This essay argues that the story of Margaret in the first book of William Wordsworth's long poem, The Excursion (1814), prefigures a recessive strain of hopelessness in a work that casts itself as consolatory in outlook. The master trope of this pessimism derives from Last Man narratives popular in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, most notably Mary Shelley's apocalyptic novel The Last Man (1826). Margaret's seemingly absolute isolation following the deaths of her husband and children is not literally apocalyptic but, rather, psychological in nature, though not the less catastrophic for that. While this story and others like it in The Excursion are by no means apocalyptic narratives, their consolatory drift might be seen to beg questions of apocalyptic significance for those readers who are having none of Wordsworth's message of forbearance in the face of human suffering.】 “The Conduct of Life” in Walter Besant's The Ivory Gate and The Alabaster Box（890）Jacqueline Banerjee 【Abstract：Walter Besant's best-known novels are now categorised as slum fiction and rarely given serious critical attention. The only ones likely to be discussed are All Sorts and Conditions of Men (1882) and Children of Gibeon (1886), and these, despite the pioneering choice of material, seem old-fashioned today. Conventional in their narrative strategies, and openly didactic, they have more in common with the mid-Victorian social-problem novels of Dickens, Mrs Gaskell and others than with the naturalist fiction of such late-Victorian contemporaries as George Moore and George Gissing. Yet Besant went on to write many more novels, including The Ivory Gate (1892) and The Alabaster Box (1899), in both of which he experiments with new ways of exploring the individual psyche and demonstrates a subtler engagement with inner-city problems. Conflicted and to some extent unresolved, these deserve another look, and are perhaps the very works on which his reputation should now rest.】 Laurence Binyon and the Modernists: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and F. T. Marinetti（907）Frederick Morel and Marysa Demoor 【Abstract：This article will claim that Laurence Binyon deserves a reassessment for two reasons: his critical work has echoes in the poetic theory of Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot and, secondly, he was a pivotal figure for the avant-garde in Britain. Although Binyon started his career in the late Victorian period and his work may not appear to diverge from that of his direct predecessors, he was susceptible to some of the most innovative artistic movements of the early twentieth century. His early texts on Chinese and Japanese art show that Binyon was much more modern than Pound's biographers claim, and his work needs to be assessed in that light. Binyon's use of the term “make it new” long before Pound first mentioned it and his progressive poetics in “Poetry and Modern Life” are particularly interesting for our thesis.】 Inherent Obligation: The Distinctive Difficulties in and of Recent Pynchon（923）Ali Chetwynd 【Abstract：Criticism on Thomas Pynchon's post-Vineland novels has, to a remarkable degree throughout the years since Vineland was released, examined those novels primarily in critical terms—paranoia, indeterminacy, absent centres and so forth—that were established through the canonising of his first three novels. Against such readings, this paper provides grounds for examining Pynchon's post-Vineland work through preoccupations that differentiate it from, rather than yoking it to, the earlier novels. It takes as an exemplar the recent novels' increasing focus on questions of obligation and competing duties, addressing how such a focus situates Pynchon's work in relation to the dominant discourses in contemporary literary ethics, with their emphases on alterity and indeterminacy at the expense of decision-making. The essay first shows how the relationship between paranoia and obligation shifted between Gravity's Rainbow and Mason & Dixon, then demonstrates how acknowledging the centrality of obligation to the recent work allows a coherent and systematic cross-novel treatment of recurrent plot mechanics such as those relating to debt and patronage.】 Towards a Demarcation of a Phonological Reference Accent in North America（949）Jørgen Staun 【Abstract：This paper redefines a phonological reference accent for North American English arguing that the regional extension of a representative accent varies depending on phonological category. Prosody and consonants are claimed to be least restrictive and vowels to restrict the regional extension of a reference accent mostly. Although it rejects General American as a viable reference accent, the paper traces the history of this variety and relates it to recent phonological data, contending that General American is compatible with the representative variety proposed here if its borders are allowed to expand and contract and the phonological contrast of the low back vowels is assigned an important role in the demarcation of the varying borderlines.】 The Grammar of Figurativeness, with Illustrations Drawn from English（971）John Anderson 【Abstract：This paper looks at the linguistic status of traditional figurative phenomena, and classifies these in terms of how they are effected linguistically. Different figurative types—tropes, schemes, figures of speech—are articulated by different aspects of linguistic structure. Some involve lexical structure, some syntactic, some phonological and some involve pragmatics. It is suggested that their classification and their individual characters arise naturally from the potentialities of ordinary language and are properly described in linguistic terms. Conversely, many aspects of linguistic structure are figuratively based, some of them necessarily; figurativeness is basic to language structure and use, and to the development of languages.】 Reviews: Literature and Religion in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scotland. Essays in Honour of Alasdair A. MacDonald（990）Alessandra Petrina The Gospel According to Shakespeare（991）Paul Dean The Divorce Tracts of John Milton: Texts and Contexts（992）David V. Urban Books Received 2013（995） Volume Contents and Author Index Volume 95, Nos 1–8, 2014（1000）
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