操作系统原理（影印版）

本书详细讲述了从单处理机到分布式和并行计算机系统的基本思想、原则及概念，内容包括进程管理与协作、内存管理、文件系统与输入输出、系统保护与安全等。本书不仅从商用操作系统和研究型操作系统中选用了大量的例子来阐述有关的概念，而且针对各部分内容，给出了相应的编程实验练习，以增强读者的实际动手能力。 本书可用作计算机科学或计算机工程等相关专业的“操作系统”教科书，也可作为从事计算机工作的科技人员学习计算机操作系统的参考书。

1 Introduction

1.1 The Role of Operating Systems

1.1.1 Bridging the Hardware/Application Gap

1.1.2 Three Views of Operating Systems

1.2 Organization of Operating Systems

1.2.1 Structural Organization

1.2.2 The Hardware Interface

1.2.3 The Programming Interface

1.2.4 The User Interface

1.2.5 Runtime Organization

1.3 Operating System Evolution and Concepts

1.3.1 Early Systems

1.3.2 Batch Operating Systems

1.3.3 Multiprogramming Systems

1.3.4 Interactive Operating Systems

1.3.5 Personal Computer and Workstation Operating Systems

1.3.6 Real-Time Operating Systems

1.3.7 Distributed Operating Systems

Part One Process Management and Coordination

2 Basic Concepts:Processes and Their Interactions

2.1 The Process Notion

2.2 Defining and Instantiating Processes

2.2.1 Precedence Relations Among Processes

2.2.2 Implicit Process Creation

2.2.3 Explicit Process Creation with fork and join

2.2.4 Process Declarations and Classes

2.3 Basic Process Interactions

2.3.1 Competition:The Critical Section Problem

2.3.2 Cooperation

2.4 Semaphores

2.4.1 Semaphore Operations and Data

2.4.2 Mutual Exclusion with Semaphores

2.4.3 Semaphores in Producer/Consumer Situations

2.5 Event Synchronization

3 Higher-Level Synchronization and Communication

3.1 Shared Memory Methods

3.1.1 Monitors

3.1.2 Protected Types

3.2 Distributed Synchronization and Communication

3.2.1 Message-Based Communication

3.2.2 Procedure-Based Communication

3.2.3 Distributed Mutual Exclusion

3.3 Other Classic Synchronization Problems

3.3.1 The Readers/Writers Problem

3.3.2 The Dining Philosophers Problem

3.3.3 The Elevator Algorithm

3.3.4 Event Ordering with Logical Clocks

4 The Operating System Kernel:Implementing Processes and Threads

4.1 Kernel Definitions and Objects

4.2 Queue Structures

4.2.1 Resource Queues in an Operating System

4.2.2 Implementations of Queues

4.3 Threads

4.4 Implementing Processes and Threads

4.4.1 Process and Thread Descriptors

4.4.2 Implementing Operations on Processes

4.4.3 Operations on Threads

4.5 Implementing Synchronization and Communication Mechanisms

4.5.1 Semaphores and Locks

4.5.2 Monitor Primitives

4.5.3 Clock and Time Management

4.5.4 Communication Primitives

4.6 Interrupt Handling

5 Process and Thread Scheduling

5.1 Organizating of Schedulers

5.1.1 Embedded and Autonomous Schedulers

5.1.2 Priority Scheduling

5.2 Scheduling Methods

5.2.1 A Framework for Scheduling

5.2.2 Common Scheduling Algorithms

5.2.3 Comparison of Methods

5.3 Priority Inversion

5.4 Multiprocessor and Distributed Scheduling

6 Deadlocks

6.1 Deadlock with Reusable and Consumable Resources

6.1.1 Reusable and Consumable Resources

6.1.2 Deadlocks in Computer Systems

6.2 Approaches to the Deadlock Problem

6.3 A System Model

6.3.1 Resource Graphs

6.3.2 State Transitions

6.3.3 Deadlock States and Safe States

6.4 Deadlock Detection

6.4.1 Reduction of Resource Graphs

6.4.2 Special Cases of Deadlock Detection

6.4.3 Deadlock Detection in Distributed Systems

6.5 Recovery from Deadlock

6.5.1 Process Termination

6.5.2 Resource Preemption

6.6 Dynamic Deadlock Avoidance

6.6.1 Claim Graphs

6.6.2 The Banker's Algorithm

6.7 Deadlock Prevention

6.7.1 Eliminating the Mutual-Exclusion Condition

6.7.2 Eliminating the Hold-and-Wait Condition

6.7.3 Eliminating the Circular-Wait Condition

Part Two Memory Management

7 Physical Memory

7.1 Preparing a Program for Execution

7.1.1 Program Transformations

7.1.2 Logical-to-Physical Address Binding

7.2 Memory Partitioning Schemes

7.2.1 Fixed Partitions

7.2.2 Variable Partitions

7.2.3 The Buddy System

7.3 Allocation Strategies for Variable Partitions

7.3.1 Measures of Memory Utilization

7.4 Managing Insufficient Memory

7.4.1 Memory Compaction

8 Virtual Memory

8.1 Principles of Virtual Memory

8.2 Implementations of Virtual Memory

8.2.1 Paging

8.2.2 Segmentation

8.2.3 Paging with Segmentation

8.2.4 Paging of System Tables

8.2.5 Translation Look-Aside Buffers

8.3 Memory Allocation in Paged Systems

8.3.1 Global Page Replacement Algorithms

8.3.2 Local Page Replacement Algorithms

8.3.3 Load Control and Thrashing

8.3.4 Evaluation of Paging

9 Sharing of Data and Code in Main Memory

9.1 Single-Copy Sharing

9.1.1 Reasons for Sharing

9.1.2 Requirements for Sharing

9.1.3 Linking and Sharing

9.2 Sharing in Systmes without Virtual Memory

9.3 Sharing in Paging Systems

9.3.1 Sharing of Data

9.3.2 Sharing of Code

9.4 Sharing in Segmented Systems

9.4.1 Sharing of Code and Data

9.4.2 Unrestricted Dynamic Linking

9.5 Principles of Distributed Shared Memory

9.5.1 The User's View of Distributed Shared Memory

9.6 Implementations of Distributed Shared Memory

9.6.1 Implementing Unstructured Distributed Shared Memory

9.6.2 Implementing Structured Distributed Shared Memory

Part Three File Systems and Imput/Output

10 File Systems

10.1 Basic Functions of File Management

10.2 Hierarchical Model of a File System

10.3 The User's View of Files

10.3.1 File Names and Types

10.3.2 Logical File Organization

10.3.3 Other File Attributes

10.3.4 Operations on Files

10.4 File Directories

10.4.1 Hierarchical Directory Organizations

10.4.2 Operations on Directories

10.4.3 Implementation of File Directories

10.5 Basic File System

10.5.1 File Descriptors

10.5.2 Opening and Closing Files

10.6 Device Organization Methods

10.6.1 contiguous Organization

10.6.2 Linked Organization

10.6.3 Indexed Organization

10.6.4 Management of Free Storgae Space

10.7 Principles of Distributed File Systems

10.7.1 Directory Structures and Sharing

10.7.2 Semantics of File Sharing

10.8 Implementing Distributed File System

10.8.1 Basic Architecture

10.8.2 Caching

10.8.3 Stateless Versus Stateful Servers

10.8.4 File Replication

11 Input/Output Systems

11.1 Basic Issues in Device Management

11.2 A Hierarchical Model of the Input/Output System

11.2.1 The Input/Output System Interface

11.3 Input/Output Devices

11.3.1 User Terminals

11.3.2 Printers and Scanners

11.3.3 Secondary Storage Devices

11.3.4 Performance Characteristics of Disks

11.3.5 Networks

11.4 Device Drivers

11.4.1 Memory-Mapped Versus Explicit Device Interfaces

11.4.2 Programmed Input/Output with Poling

11.4.3 Programmed Input/Output with Interrupts

11.4.4 Direct Memory Access

11.5 Device Management

11.5.1 Buffering and Caching

11.5.2 Error Handling

11.5.3 Disk Scheduling

11.5.4 Device Sharing

Part Four Protection and Security

12 The Protection and Security Interface

12.1 Security Threats

12.1.1 Damage Types

12.1.2 Vulnerable Resources

12.1.3 Attack Types

12.2 Functions of a Protection System

12.2.1 External Safeguards

12.2.2 Verification of User Identity

12.2.3 Communication Safeguards

12.2.4 Threat Monitoring

12.3 User Authentication

12.3.1 Approaches to Authentication

12.3.2 Passwords

12.4 Secure Communication

12.4.1 Principles of Cryptography

12.4.2 Secret-Key Cryptosystems

12.4.3 Public-Key Cryptosystems

13 Internal Protection Mechanisms

13.1 The Access Control Environment

13.2 Instruction-Level Access Control

13.2.1 Register and Input/Output Protection

13.2.2 Main Memory Protection

13.3 High-Level Access Control

13.3.1 The Access Matrix Model

13.3.2 Access Lists and Capability Lists

13.3.3 A Comprehensive Example:Client/Server Protection

13.3.4 Combining Access Lists and Capability Lists

13.4 Information Flow Control

13.4.1 The Confinement Problem

13.4.2 Hierarchical Information Flow

13.4.3 The Selective Confinement Problem

Part Five Programming Projects

I Process/Thread Synchronization

1 Project Overview

2 Setting Up a Race Condition

3 Solutions to the Critical Section Problem

3.1 Solution Using mutex Locks

3.2 Software Solution

4 Implementing General Semaphores

4.1 Solution Using Mutex Locks and Condition Variables

4.2 Software Solution

5 Bounded Buffer

6 Summary of Specific Tasks

7 Ideas for Additional Tasks

II Process and Resource Management

1 Project Overview

2 Basic Process and Resource Manager

2.1 Process States

2.2 Representation of Processes

2.3 Representation of Resources

2.4 Operations on Processes and Resources

2.5 The Scheduler

2.6 The Presentation Shell

3 Extended Process and Resource Manager

3.1 Timeout Interrupts

3.2 Input/Output Processng

3.3 The Extended Shell

4 Summary of Specific Tasks

5 Ideas for Additional Tasks

III Main Memory Management

1 Project Overview

2 The Memory Manager

2.1 Main Memory

2.2 The User Interface

3 The Simulation Experiment

3.1 Generating Request Sizes

3.2 Gathering Performance Data

3.3 Choosing a Block to Release

4 Summary of Specific Tasks

5 Ideas for Additional Tasks

IV Page Replacement Algorithms

1 Project Overview

2 Global Page Replacement Algorithms

3 Local Page Replacement Algorithms

4 Generating Reference Strings

5 Performance Evaluations

6 Summary of Specific Tasks

7 Ideas for Additional Tasks

V File System

1 Project Overview

2 The Input/Output System

3 The File System

3.1 Interface Between User and File System

3.2 Organization of the File System

3.3 The Directory

3.4 Creating and Destroying a File

3.5 Opening and Closing a File

3.6 Reading,Writing and Seeking in a File

3.7 Listing the Directory

4 The Presentation Shell

5 Summary of Specific Tasks

6 Ideas for Additional Tasks

Other Programming Projects

1 Timer Facility

2 Process Scheduling

3 The Banker's Algorithm

4 Disk Scheduling Algorithms

5 Stable Storage

Glossary

Bibliograhy

Author Index

Subject Index